Brand awareness, recall or recognition

Discuss which form of brand awareness, recall or recognition, is likely to be involved with purchase decisions for brands in a number of categories, and why. Coca Cola Coca Cola has a strong brand awareness. The first thing everyone in the world will probably recognize are the colors red and white, these are the colors Coca Cola uses in their logo from the beginning.Related to these colors is the Coca Cola font that hasn't changed a lot over the years, it always had the same style and size. Coca Cola also sponsors a lot of sports, charities and events; people like to be seen with a product that does such things as it makes them feel right or cool! Coca Cola stand for sustainability this attracts people who are focusing on environmental awareness. These days being environmental friendly is very important also to people that are not very aware of these subjects will see that it's a good thing to recycle.The Coca Cola commercials are very famous for their Jingles, tunes and creativity. These commercials are broadcasted so many times the Coca Cola tunes will be remembered by consumers which will most likely result in a purchase. Since people recognize Coca Cola pretty easy, they know It's an A brand product. Apple One of the strong characteristics from Apple Is their design; It's always smooth, fancy and one of a kind. Besides It's a catch for the eye It's also useful for very diverse In aspects in the CIT and design world.The Apple logo Is placed on every product In every technology line, this makes the products recognizable for consumers. A lot of Apple products are shown In TV shows and movies all around the world. This makes the product more desirable for consumers as they see their ‘heroes' using these rodents. Apple Is the number one brand In the world this means most of the people In the world know this product as popular, people want to be popular as Apple Is the popular brand they will buy It!Apple has an entire family of products, you can synchroniz e all these products so you will have all your Information at every time. If you made a video on your phone and watch It on your TV you simply synchronize your Apple TV to your Phone, there Is no need to buy any other products. Every Apple product has It's charisma and Is known for It reliability and easy usage. Consumers Like easy to handle products and Apple has proven Itself so many times In this field. It's easy and won't let you down! Recognize Coca Cola pretty easy, they know it's an A brand product.One of the strong characteristics from Apple is their design; it's always smooth, fancy and one of a kind. Besides it's a catch for the eye it's also useful for very diverse in aspects in the CIT and design world. The Apple logo is placed on every product in Apple products are shown in TV shows and movies all around the world. This makes products. Apple is the number one brand in the world this means most of the people in the world know this product as popular, people want to be po pular as Apple is the popular brand they will buy it!Apple has an entire family of products, you can synchronize all these products so you will have all your information at every time. If you made a video on your phone and watch it on your TV you simply synchronize your Apple TV to your phone, there is no need to buy any other products. Every Apple product has it's charisma and is known for it reliability and easy usage. Consumers like easy to handle products and Apple has proven itself so many times in this field. It's easy and won't let you down!

Range of Problems Final Essay

In developing our quest of facing human service problems we are going to break out in categories of how I have learned them. My definition of problems is an experience or difficulty that the client has experienced due to the problems of living in today’s world. A Human Service Professional provides varied roles and assumes several responsibilities to help with successful care and devotion to the client to overcome their needs first hand. Choosing to work with people is a field that is a wonderful feeling and opportunity, helping makes a difference in many people’s lives. It contributes to building up values, helps inspire others for the work one is doing, gives ethical morale to agency and team of human service professionals you work with. Having unconditional acceptance for your clients and establishing a commitment to them treating them as you would want to be treated will help bring healing and establish the relationship that you so need to get them on their road to recovery. Finally, having honesty and awareness of yourself, knowing where you are in life, where you are going will always keep you in reflection of these principles. Understanding what our system in whole has developed will help us work effectively to recognize individuals situations and evaluate them carefully. There are three modules of service delivery and the interactions that formulate a successful means of treatment for the clients. You will find that many Professionals, such as Psychologist, Practitioners, Doctors, Therapists, Social Workers, and Counselors will utilize these modules to help diagnose and treat individuals. The medical module was openly seen as individuals were not â€Å"well† or â€Å"ill†. Then as time evolved the psychoanalytic method developed which is what we are using today, where patients are talking to therapist and a new theory of neurosis had taken place. Mental behavior has been an epidemic people are still unsure how to  approach, understanding the validity and following up with treatment and aftercare will improve as testing allows us. It is still a growing concern today as â€Å"living with problems† life is going so fast and we just don’t know how to slow down to deal with the way things are flying at us. The human service model focuses on the involvement between environment and persons trying to reach for balance. The public health model is focusing on geographical problems like abuse, poverty, illness is specific age brackets in categories, (children, the elderly) psychological, psychosis, ego or unexpected disasters that the client has endured or been diagnosed with. Gaining this foundation has proven to offer a course of action that will provide a standard classification to the direction of establishing the form of service to the client. A brief review of some problems that the human service professional’s face and identifying the helping skills that are most likely be used to help the client will be our subjects that we will be focusing on in the next few paragraphs. I would like to begin with a problems facing our human society that in my research I discovered about age and gender. According to Anderson et al. (1995) (Cultural Diversity and Suicide pg. 24) males completed suicide rate four times higher than females. Males used more lethal methods (i.e., handguns), but over 40 percent of females now choose handguns as their suicide choice as well. Adolescents and young adults (ages fifteen to twenty-four) and for people generally white men, over the age of seventy. Suicide is now the leading cause of death among fifteen- to nineteen- year- old adolescents. Clinicians may focus on the suicidal client’s view that life will never get better and that he or she will always be alone and have a poor job. The professional would attempt to get the client to view these thoughts more objectively and indicate to the client some thought provoking questions. Such as, â€Å"If you were to kill yourself who would you want to find you?† This question will serve two purposes: first, it will indicate to the client that suicide is only one of many options and, second, to determine with whom they may be upset with (redirect their thinking). Suicide is often based on an impulsive decision and that this decision can be faulty based on several factors, gaining rapport with the client helped them see their options. The Professional would like to ask the client to keep a thought log, to write down their thoughts and behaviors, this will help the client feel a sense of  purpose, hope and self-worth as well. Addiction and dependence, the seeking and searching for the drugs that effect our environments, communities, schools, our loved ones, and even our trusted medical and clergy fellowman/women. Yes, it is so very unfortunate, the craving for alcohol, crack, cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, and prescription drugs, marijuana that calls your name in the middle of the night. People can’t seem to get away from it, psychologically, they are physically dependent on it. Its severity varies with the individual, the situation and the substance. The National Institute on Drug Addiction reveals substance abuse has been linked to mental health problems, illness and occupational problems. It affects their social life and their ability to function as a healthy individual. (The Truth about Drugs pg.21, 22, 35) The complexity of the assistance required from the Professional depends on the severity of the problem and the state of the client. The Professional can use the Erikson’s stages developmental model to identify some of the problems with earlier stages of basic human life span. Developing a rapport with the individual, breaking the ice with the client, asking open- ended questions to get them to open up about their now situations. The helping process occurs over a period of time and there is preparation, application, administration, and certain strategies to be explored as a whole person. We may experience a client who has been involuntarily referred to our facility for counseling. For example, a court order was given to a juvenile because he committed a crime and he had been incarcerated. Depending on the crime judges do want them to receive counseling, to help in the social services department, or handle responsibilities related to their crimes. In conclusion we have covered the modules, some problems facing our human service clients today and the helping skills our Professionals use to assist with the road to recovery for the wellbeing of the client. Living life day to day with its problems are always going to affect each individual differently. As a person seeking a career in human services I value understanding the core strengths of listening, communication and teaching, advocating, and making myself be aware of the responsibilities of what is best for the client.

Commentary- Blessing by Imtiaz Dharker Essay

Imtiaz Dharker’s poem describes rain as its blessing to a dry place, as the short direct sentences in the first stanza suggests there was no hope on that land: â€Å"There never is enough water.† The line shows the desperateness of rain as it sets a negative tone to start the poem. However, as the poem progress, there was an increase in hope and energy, seen from the energetic and positive language such as, â€Å"rush†, â€Å"bursts†, â€Å"crashes† and â€Å"roar†. These are used to associate with the action and the liveliness brought by the rain. The poet is trying to compare rain to a god-like blessing as it says from the title, and also from the word â€Å"congregation† as the word is related to religious. It described rain as a god-gifted blessing to the land without hope, describing the echo of rain to: â€Å"the voice of a kindly god.† We can see the importance of water to the people from the land as water is described as precious items such as â€Å"silver†, â€Å"fortune† and â€Å"liquid sun†, suggesting it’s importance to these people. We can see further illustration of this idea through the celebration as children celebrates and â€Å"sings† after being given water. The excitement of people can also be seen from the structure of the poem, seen from the enjambment which ran from the third stanza until the end of the poem, we can see the tone being very exciting that there wasn’t a pause, contrasting with the first stanza where the short and slow lines reflects the lack of energy. The most noticeable example is: â€Å"every man woman child for streets around butts in† We would expect commas being used between man woman child, but there isn’t, showing the excitement and the hurry. The poet also cleverly uses the stanza length to reflect the amount of water and excitement, with the 3rd stanza being the pinnacle of the event, there are and it differs from the short 1st stanza which suggests The use of onomatopoeia and oxymoron also highlights the importance of water: â€Å"Imagine the drip of it, the small splash, echo† The poet describes a small drip of water having a echo, which is usually associated with large items, and it gives us an idea of how a small amount of water can be seen as a huge importance to these people.

Nationalism and imperialism in British africa 1850-1960 Essay

Nationalism and imperialism in British africa 1850-1960 - Essay Example Identity is another issue in settler societies. Louis Hartz, in his seminal work, "The Founding of New Societies" (1964:11-13, 53-4)1, observed that identity formation by European settlers in a new land is a complex process. Changes in Europe and the presence of 'native' peoples in the new land make it difficult to maintain identification with the old country. The 'racial element' becomes an integral part of settler consciousness and national identity in a way that does not occur in Europe. Colonial presence became established first, in the West African Settlements (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast etc.). It brought, as a by-product, Christian missionaries (White and Black!) and Enlightenment ideas of freedom and self-determination to Africa. However, it also brought the idea of the "Other" with it and dispossessed the Africans from their sense of the "Self". Edward Said in his "Orientalism" (1984) focused on the idea of discourse. He categorically explained the discursive practices of the "West" since the beginning of the Renaissance and their "Humanist" attempts to situate themselves into a historically, anthropologically, socially, psychologically and economically dominant and "subject" position that would forever dispossess the native "orient" being from their own history and claim to history within the Western canon. Not only that Fanon in his "Black Skin White Masks"2, talks about the psychological dislocation of the native due to the complete eradication of African iden tity from educated native. Incase of the masses the dislocation was physical - through the dislocation of their lands. Thus, anthropologists such as Madison Grant or Alexis Carrel built their pseudo-scientific racism, inspired by Gobineau's "An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races" (1853-55). This ruse of superiority was used from the nineteenth century onwards, to begin the 'civilizing mission' which legitimated imperial conquest and control brought to the fore the issue of 'native policy'. The 'white man's burden' meant that, in imperialist theory and to some extent in practice, 'native policy' involved the role of the Colonial Office as guardian of 'racial' minorities and 'backward' peoples. In the mixed colonies, however, it continued to mean principally the legalized theft of 'native' land and the use of 'natives' as a source of cheap labor. Settler societies were therefore quick to seek political autonomy in order to deal with the 'natives' in their own way and acquire w hat territory they wanted. Hence, the nineteenth century saw a further divergence between colonial and imperial ideology. Two contradictory sets of principles were on a collision course within the settlements: the concept of trusteeship within the imperial philosophy of a non-racial empire, and the settlers' determination to create a 'White Man's Country' (Huttenback 1976:21)3. After the 'scramble for Africa' in the 1880s, there was a brief age of self-conscious imperialism when the British empire was vaunted as the strongest, largest and most benign the world had ever seen, and flags and banners became sacred symbols of the nation. However, this could not hide the savagery of the war that was being used as an appropriate civilizing mission. In South Africa, three groups struggled over the land. In the early 1800s, the Zulu chief Shaka fought to win more land. Meanwhile, the British won control of the Dutch colony on the

Tanglewoods recruiting methods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tanglewoods recruiting methods - Case Study Example Measure of staffing quality Quality customer service is a decisive aspect in determining the success of a retail business. This fact is well known by the management of the Tanglewood stores. Businesses nowadays realize the importance of a talented staff. This has led to organizations keeping track of their valued human resource capabilities. This capability is bolstered by the hiring of skilled individuals, who increase the value of human resources in a company. In the case of Tanglewood stores, they needed to find the best way for staffing, while keeping the costs considerably low. They need to establish â€Å"The Quality of Hire†. This makes it possible to determine how a hired individual’s performance varies from the hiring requirements. It is paramount that the hired staff meets the conditions set prior their employment. This will ensure that the stores get the expected output from the staff. Criterion-Related Validation Test Tanglewood store will have to conduct a Criterion-Related Validation Test. This will be carried out using the benchmarking process whereby, the success of a job will be measured by comparing the individual result of a new employee to the sample of a successful employee currently holding the position, who will be used as the benchmark for success. This will be useful in determining if the employee is striving for excellence, is average or even poor. Through these results Burkholder, et al, 203), Tanglewood stores will know how was effective was their recruitment.

Human resources and employment rights Literature review

Human resources and employment rights - Literature review Example Providing value and respect to employees can help the organization to avoid several workplace issues regarding employment rights (Bach, 2003, pp.11-13). The study will provide a theoretical framework about the issues arising to several HR practitioners regarding various employment rights. Literature Review Several global organizations face significant challenges due to the regulation on unfair employee dismissal. According to these rules and regulation, an employer cannot simply terminate the employees based on several unethical reasons. Traditionally, employers recruit new employees based on the competency of the employees and several organizational policies. It is true that several workplace hazards can reduce the ability or physical competency of the employees. In this case, it is the moral right of the employees to expect employment. Few organizations used to terminate them with minimum compensation due to their reduced ability and competency. This issue can hamper the workplace environment of the organization as it can minimize the motivation level of the other employees. According to Gennard and Judge (2005), government of several countries have introduced several legal HR policies in terms of employment rights in order to provide justice to these disabled employees (Gennard and Judge, 2005, p.198). According to Daniels (2004), OECD countries collaboratively have developed employment protection regulation in order to protect the existing jobs of employees (Daniels, 2004, p.22). According to employment protection law, it is the right of all qualified and suitable employees to enjoy several aspects of employments. Old employees or several disable employees cannot be terminated for the sake of low performance and productivity. Several organizations have faced critical challenges due to this issue. Decision to terminate an employee can create huge legal risk for the employers. This employee termination activity needs to fulfil the policy of employment. Severa l workplace conflicts, such as religion, gender, race, ages, disability and national origin issues can violate the organizational culture which can reduce the performance of organization. The HR practitioners can face several issues related to employment rights. Making inadequate, disparaging and false comments about employees can create serious conflict. Inadequate employee or workforce management and emotional distress of employees will violate the employment protection law. In this case, the employees have the right to file a legal case against the management or the organization. According to Bone (2004), violation of privacy of the employees is strictly restricted (Bone, 2004, p.38). In terms of old employees, it is true that the old employees cannot provide similar physical performance comparing to the young and enthusiastic employees. Under the Medical and Family Leave Act, the employees have the right to take leave against appropriate claims. In addition, the employers of the organizations or the HR managers are bound to provide leaves to these employees if the claims are reasonable. HR practitioner cannot terminate them or cut their salary based on these aspects. However, several global organizations are facing various legal issues regarding employment rights. An employer cannot terminate an employee without proper and thorough investigation. In either case, the particular employee can sue the organization legally. If the

Giving birth control devices to teenagers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Giving birth control devices to teenagers - Essay Example Birth control devices â€Å"could potentially make teenagers to think that they can have sex with anyone at any time and not have any consequences, but a lot of teenagers are uneducated about contraception and will misuse it, making it pointless† (What are the pros of giving free birth control to teens?). On the other hand, many people question the logic of providing birth control devices to teenagers. They are of the view that the easy accessibility of birth control devices may motivate teenagers further and further to engage in sexual activities. In their opinion, the fear of pregnancy is the only thing which prevents majority of teenagers from sexual activities. The availability of contraception or birth control devices will remove such fears from the minds of teenagers and they may increase their sexual activities beyond the limits. Teenage is a period during which the education of a person is taking place. Education is the most important thing in the life of a teenager. F ailure to complete the school or college life with flying colors may prevent the teenagers from getting better employment in future. In other words, security and safety of future life of a teenager are mostly depending on the academic qualifications. The availability of birth control devices may force the teenagers to shift their main focus from education to sexual activities. Such people will realize the consequences of their activities in future and they will not get any second opportunity to revert their future.

The effects of divorce on children and families Research Paper

The effects of divorce on children and families - Research Paper Example Furthermore, the court may decide who of the two is responsible for the custody of the children (Stewart 34). However, regardless of the nature and type of divorce, divorce has varying impacts on children and the family unit as a whole. Children, especially young ones are left devastated by the ordeal, and this remains glued in their minds for years to come. For example, according to psychologists, young girls who are affected by divorce from an early age develop a fear for men as they grow up, and this impacts negatively on their opposite sex relationships. The same applies to young boys who are affected by divorce from an early age. In summary, effects of divorce on children are classified into psychological, emotional, social, financial and physical effects. Apart from children, other members of the family are also affected by divorce ordeals. These may be relatives of the divorcees or the divorcees themselves. As mentioned earlier, divorce has a lasting effect on people; hence, family members are affected permanently by this ordeal especially if they were attached to the divorcees. Divo rce breaks family relationships and bonds (Gladden 57). This paper analyses in detail the effect that divorce has on family members and especially children. I will first discuss the effect on children, and then I will discuss the effect on the family unit as a whole. Statistics in the US reveal that every year, approximately one million children suffer their parents’ divorce. The same statistics reveal that half of children witness their parents’ divorce before they are 18 years old. According to research by Gladden (2009), half of all American children will witness their parents’ break up and half of these will also witness the break up of the second marriage of their parents. The same research suggests that, of the children who have witnessed the break up of their parents’ marriage, one in ten will also witness the second break up of their parents.

Cross Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Cross Cultural Management - Essay Example Organizations all differ in their culture. There are no too organizations with the exact culture. Cultural forms function as the linking mechanism by which networks of understanding develop among employees. The cultural forms shown in the table on pages 293-94 act as a medium for communicating ideologies, values, and norms. Cultural forms enable leaders to transmit messages about desirable culture to influence thinking and ways of behaving. Cultural forms also address the emotional aspects of organizations that are commonly referred to as cohesion or camaraderie. Organizational scholars Janice Beyer and Harrison Trice elaborate on this point: Cultural forms not only aid sense making through the meanings they convey; they also aid the sense making process through the emotional reassurances they provide that help people persist in their coping efforts. Forms provide a concrete anchoring point, even if the meaning they carry are vague and only imperfectly transmitted....Also many cultural forms involve the expression of emotion and, by this venting of emotions, help people to cope with stress.( http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch16.html) Organizational diversity is the mixture of different individuals. Differences such as race, age, gender, religion, and ethnics. Diversity is very important in the attractiveness of an organization. ... Technology is increasing at a rapid pace. The world's technology is set to double in the next seven years. An organization must be technology advanced to be able to keep a competitive advantage over its competition. Many times when upgrades are made in a company employee training is necessary. Communication in an organization is very important for its success. Managers must be able to communicate with their subordinates quickly and effectively. Communication channels need to be a too ways lane. Employee feedback allows management to measure their own success. Employees should feel free to constructively comment and offer creative ideas to managers. Communication can take place in person, over the phone, or electronically. An organization's culture is a very complex and sensitive issue. Companies must develop a culture that appeals both to its employees and customers. The culture of an organization is a resemblance of its personality. Employee and managers will be working together on a daily bases and must get along. Human resource management is somewhat different in the global environment that in the domestic environment. Several factors contribute to this. One factor is the differences in worldwide labor markets. Each country has a different min of workers, labor costs, and companies. Companies can choose the mix of human resources that is best for them. Another factor is differences in worker mobility. Various obstacles make it difficult or impossible to move workers form one country to another. These include physical, economic, legal, and cultural barriers. Still another factor is managerial practices. Different business subcultures choose to manage their resources, including people, in different ways. The more countries in which a company operates, the greater

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business report - Essay Example Essentially a service sector organization, Woolworths purchases its goods mostly from Australian farmers and since most purchases are domestic, their products are fresh. The report would focus on how such a successful firm can enter the Indian markets given that there is currently a retail boom in India as well (Ramaswamy and Namakumari 2009, 105). Since Woolworths is into fresh food, it is imperative that procuring the food items from Australia and shipping the same to India would not make sense. Thus, the best option to avail is to procure it from the Indian farmers and sell it in the same country, though the model they should follow has to be reviewed thoroughly in order to make a fitment between the demands of the Indian market and what Woolworths would like to offer. In the case of Woolworths, since the primary product offering is fresh food items as well as processed food, it is obvious that the basic requirement is not technological or even manufacturing plants but a sound inf rastructure that would ensure strong linkages with the markets – both of the farmers who are to supply the produce on a regular basis as well as the customers who are to buy the same. However, the main focus of Woolworths should be on value addition to those products. The report would focus on the macro environmental factors that are likely to come into play if Woolworths were to expand into the Indian retail markets. Thus, the report would start with the PESTL analysis and then move on to the specifics of the firm by doing a SWOT analysis of Woolworths. Having done these two analyses, the recommendations, whatever suitable for Woolworths, would be made in order to make the expansion project a success. PESTL Analysis The first analysis that should be performed is the PESTEL Analysis, which is defined as amalgamation of various macro-environmental forces that drive the organization’s performance and comprises the political, economic, sociological, technological, ecologi cal and legal forces (Viardot 2004). Furthermore, â€Å"it assists companies in the selection of attractive markets and the appropriate entry mode† (Aubert and Frigstad 2007). Political India is typically a politically stable nation that has been trying to attract FDI, and more so in retail. This should prove to be an advantage so far as the political environment of Woolworths in India is concerned (Krafft and Mantrala 2010, 130). Even Asian countries like India and China have slowly opened their doors to globalization, thereby welcoming conglomerates like Woolworths. In the wake of globalization, regulation and tax policies and FDI policies are to be relaxed considerably and even China and India have deregulated and delicensed various products making it further congenial for Woolworths to operate. However, various quarters of the political sector has exhibited stiff resistance to FDI in retail and especially multi brand retail (Datt 2008, 178). It is clear that since the gov ernment is keen on investment in FDI, thus the environment would work to the benefit of Woolworths in India. Legal The legal environment of Woolworths in India again points out to some of the encouraging features of increased investment in FDI on the part of the government as well as other legalities that may have to be fulfilled while opening retail outlets in India. The working age and other

Native American mascot controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Native American mascot controversy - Essay Example A Mascot is an object, animal or person that represents an organization; for example; the Fuwa of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the Otto of Syracuse University. It is a symbol of the organization and is emblematic  of the organization’s good wishes. At the commencement of the twentieth century; universities and professional teams began to use images and words from the Native Americans as their mascot to represent their organizations. However, in the 1940s, the National Congress of American Indians launched a campaign aimed at eliminating the stereotypes towards Native Americans in the media especially in sports (Hylton, 2010). According to Goddard, the word ‘Redskin’ was used as an identifier by the respective communities in the early history. That is how the Native Americans differentiated the two racess. The word ‘redskin’ was first used in 1769 while Piankashawsand and Col. John Wilkins were negotiating. Native Americans often used the word in the 1800s whenever they negotiated with the French and later the Americans (Goddard, 2005). Washington’s DC Redskins were initially known as the Boston Braves in 1932 when the team was formed. It was the norm at this time to possess the same name for the teams whenever the football and the baseball shared the same stadium. The name was changed when they moved to Boston Red Sox home. The name was changed to Boston Redskins prior to moving back to Washington in 1933. Native American’s names and imagery used by this team started before 1933. In 1937, the team officially changed their name to the Washington Redskin when they moved to Washington, Dc (Nauright & Parrish, 2012). Since the Native America mascot is disrespectful and insulting to Native Americans, some schools and teams changed their mascots or names. Stanford University changed from â€Å"The Stanford Indian† to Stanford Cardinal. Syracuse University

Accounting System Paper Essay Example for Free

Accounting System Paper Essay Kudler Fine Foods has done a wonderful job with its current accounting system by manually tracking data and not having a uniform system for providing information about that data. Data is the raw and unorganized version of information while information is categorized and decipherable data that correlates to the business. Kudler Fine Foods is making a transition from the less efficient and more labor intensive accounting methods to a technology based accounting system which saves money being that it is more efficient and more robust. The core features, benefits, and cost will be discussed as you continue to read this paper. As mentioned earlier, Kudler Fine Foods is making a transition to a computerized accounting system which will have the ability to communicate with all branches of the business. Kudler Fine foods will utilize an accounting system which is integral part of the Enterprise resource planning software that is being deployed in the Kudler Fine Foods environment. The ERP software will be able to capture real time data directly from the point of sale (cash registers) and automatically adjust inventory and profit data. See more:Â  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay The accounting software will also use a compliance management feature will provide complete transaction audit trails and rules-based controls and advanced reporting capabilities which are compliant with laws and regulations. More benefits are advanced financial forecasting the can accurately predict and estimate potential profits and pending losses, revenue and cash flow. This gives Kudler Fine Foods the ability to analyze past trends to help make better business decisions in the future. In addition, the accounting software will give Kudler Fine Foods the ability to deep dive into the cash management aspect of their business by more accurately assessing current and future cash needs and track all transactions that directly impact available cash levels. In an ERP environment, Kudler Fine Foods will adopt a client/server system. The Client/Server technology model is the model in which today’s softwares are developed. A Client/Server model is one in which the client computer is identified separately from the server computer. This will require servers with Windows serve 2008 and networking equipment which will allow all workstations to communicate to application servers, shared data drives and communicate with the outside world. With the added benefits of an ERP system in the Kudler Fine Food environment, comes an added expense of support of the system. Currently, Kudler Fine Foods can anticipate an expense of twenty-five thousand dollars with a potential ceiling of two hundred fifty thousand dollars. References Top 10 ERP. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.top10erp.org/sap-erp-software-comparison-technology-140 Technology required for Erp. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.vkinfotek.com/erp/erp-technologies.html

Introduction To Law And Legislation Social Work Essay

Introduction To Law And Legislation Social Work Essay Referring to case study 2: Helen, a 78 year lady, a Section. 2 and a Section. 5 of The Community Care Delayed Discharges Act 2003 have been issued and Social Services have 72 hours before they are cross charged. This Act penalises local authorities who cannot provide for discharged hospital patients, as it ensures NHS patients receive adequate care when being discharged from hospital. It sets out timescales which Social Services have to comply with and if there is a delay in discharge whereby Social Services are to blame they will be cross charged  £100.00 per day under s.6 of the Liability to make Delayed Discharge payments. This is the main provision of this Act along with on-site multi-disciplinary working. However, if the delay in service provision is down to the NHS then reimbursement does not apply and if during this process there is a dispute then this is under s.9, Dispute Resolutions of the CC(DD)A 2003. The law states that if a s.2 and a s.5 of CC(DD)A 2003 have been issued together then the process is as follows: This section applies where a section 2 notice has been given. Subsection (2) ensures that the NHS body responsible for issuing the section 2 notice to the social services authority, and any other NHS body which may need to provide services to the patient upon discharge, must consult the social services authority before deciding which services it will make available upon discharge. This is to ensure that a complete package of care can be put in place smoothly and without duplication or omission of any particular service. The responsible NHS body will in the first instance normally be a hospital but the majority of NHS services upon discharge are likely to be provided by the patients Primary Care Trust. The social services authority must be consulted about all NHS services that are to be provided The first step in the case of Helen would be to have a statutory meeting with the social services manager to discuss Helens situation and to establish the legal framework and service delivery to be applied. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 (NHSCCA) was enacted as a result of unfair treatment of older people, as it gave them the right to an assessment to services. The main principle and rational of the NHSCCA 1990 is to provide people with relevant services to enable them to live independently in their own homes, rather than moving them into a residential setting. Although this piece of legislation is considered to be complex it has a number of powers and duties imposed on local authorities. The primary role of local authorities with community care responsibilities is to ensure that: Adult social care is delivered effectively Services users wishes are taken into account, and Services are delivered safely (Brayne Carr, 2010:508). The main statutory duty for social workers of the NHSCCA 1990 is Section 47. Under s.47 (1) as social workers we have a duty to do a needs lead assessment and this is a must in the case of Helen. The National Service Framework for Older People provides a framework for health and care services for older people, and this is an important development whereby social work assessments are integrated with health care assessments. As the duty social worker when doing an assessment there are two aspects that should be considered. First, there is the assessment of Helens needs not wants; second, bearing in mind the outcome of that assessment, the decision to provide (or not) particular services. However, during the NHSCCA 1990 s.47(1) needs lead assessment, if Helen is identified as being disabled, she has additional rights as set out in s.47(2). During this assessment the local authority must, under s.47(3)of the NHSCCA 1990, inform the Health or Housing authorities if it appears Helen may req uire services which they could provide (Braye Preston-Shoot, 2010). The roots of social care and social work lie in the National Assistance Act 1948 (NAA). Section 29, Part 3 refers to specific groups such as older people and to qualify for services under this Section the law states: A local authority may, with the approval of the Secretary of State, and to such extent as he may direct in relation to persons ordinarily resident in the area of the local authority shall make arrangements for promoting the welfare of persons to whom this section applies, that is to say persons aged eighteen or over who are blind, deaf or dumb, or who suffer from mental disorder of any description and other persons aged eighteen or over who are substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury, or congenital deformity or such other disabilities as may be prescribed by the Minister (www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/11-12/29/section/29). It is clear that where there is a legal statutory duty, you have to consider the implications of accountability within the social work profession and this in turn can cause tensions between legal framework and the General Social Care Councils codes of practice. For example, it is difficult to reconcile the values of anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice with some of the terminology utilised in the National Assistance Act 1948, such as deaf or dumb. However, as Helens needs meet this definition, as she is considered to be a s.29 service user and any provisions for Helen will be made under The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 s.2. This places a duty on local Authorities to assess the individual needs of everyone who falls within Section 29 of the National Assistance Act 1948 (Brammer, 2010:402). In addition older people can be offered residential care under the National Assistance Act 1948 s.21 and home care and laundry services under the National Health Service Act 2006 Schedule 20(3). Under s.2 of the CSDPA 1970 the provision of welfare services, local authorities are required to provide services such as an occupational therapist (OP). The OP can do functional assessment to establish the provisions required and to aid in the transition from hospital to the home. The main provisions do not include personal care but assesses how the service users function, for example get dressed, and get out of bed in hospital or at home. The fundamental rational is to power and enable the service user to get back to their former ability. The Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudication Act 1982 s.17, provides local authorities the power to make reasonable charges for non-residential services. Under this legislation the first six weeks of intermediate care is free, NHS is free at delivery social services is not. Intermediate care or reablement is a term used to represent a range of integrated health and/or social care services that as part of an agreed care plan aim to: Promote faster recovery from illness Prevent unnecessary admission to hospital Support timely discharge following an acute hospital admission Prevent premature admission to long-term residential care Maximize your chances of living independently (www.ageuk.org.uk ). It was introduced to bridge the gap for people who were medically fit for discharge but were unable to return to independent living. Reablement typically it lasts for no more than six weeks and is provided without charge to the service user. Helen will receive the reablement service for six weeks and if further support is required, then Adult Social Care services may be chargeable. Research evidence confirms that reablement schemes are well placed both to meet the preferred outcomes of service users and to achieve cost effectiveness in service delivery, when compared with alternatives such as longer term care (Braye et al., 2004: 113). Once a community care assessment is carried out, we need to make decisions about what support will be provided for Helen. Helen would be required have a financial assessment by a Financial Assessment Benefits Advisor (FABA). The FABA will carry out an assessment on Helens financial situation and ensure she is claiming any state benefits she may be entitled to. They will need to see proof of her income and, savings and will ask for details about her expenses. This assessment is straightforward and the officers will try to make it as pleasant as possible. National guidelines published by the Department of Health called Fair Access to Care Services (FACS) provides Social Services with an eligibility framework for Adult Social Care to identify whether or not the duty to provide services under this framework. The national FACS policy states that local authorities may take account of the resources available to them in deciding which needs to meet. FACS divides need into four categories: critical, substantial, moderate or low. Thus the concept of need is determined by factors such as the availability of resources and this in turn causes tensions between policy, practice and law. Essex local authorities are just meeting critical needs at present and although having rights which are legally enforceable do not necessarily imply the need will be met due to funding within Social Services. to ensure that older people are treated as individuals and they receive appropriate and timely packages of care which meet their needs as individuals, regardless of health and social services boundaries (Department of Health, 2001a, Standard 2). Social Services are required by law to provide equipment for the home free of charge if the service user does not have any liquid assets. However, Helen does have an owner occupied property but does not have any savings, so therefore community care services will be provided by Social Services free of charge. Local authorities have the power, and in some cases a duty, to charge for certain community care services, under the National Assistance Act 1948 and the Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (White et al, 2007). Community equipment includes aids such as raised seats, walking sticks; grab rails and shower mats, commodes and minor adaptations that assist daily living to promote independence in the home. If Helen wishes to have help managing her affairs, then provided she has mental capacity she can appoint someone else to make decisions on her behalf. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) makes it possible to produce a Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) to continue beyond any future loss of capacity by Helen. The LPA can cover property and financial affairs, or personal welfare (including health care and treatment) or both. However, this must be registered with the Public Guardian before it can be used. (www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/Mentalcapacityandthelaw/Makingarrangementsincaseyoulosementalcapacity/DG_185921) The more capable older people are mentally the less likely it is that others will intervene in the choices which they make. However, for relatives these decisions may provoke anxiety and quilt. In such situations the capacity of the service user becomes an important factor in the decision process. Everyone has capacity unless stated otherwise and under the Human Rights Act 1998, Article 5(1) grants a general Right to liberty and security of person. This Article covers rights to liberty, which has self-evident relevance to the detention of people with mental health problems. Under Article 5(1)(e) three conditions must be met, except in the case of an emergency: A true mental disorder must be established before a competent authority on the basis of objective medical expertise; The mental disorder must be of a kind or degree warranting compulsory confinement; The validity of continued confinement depends on the persistence of such a mental disorder (Johns, 2010:32). With regards to the allegations that Helen has dementia we must have reasonable belief before making judgements on Helens mental capacity. However, it is necessary for Social services to investigate, for example look at her medical records to see if this has been confirmed by a medical professional, such as her General Practitioner. However, there is the issue of confidentiality to be considered and as such we would require Helens consent in obtaining this kind of information. The Data Protection Act 1998 is concerned with the protection of Human Rights in relation to personal data. The aim of the Act is to ensure that personal data is used fairly and lawfully and where necessary, the privacy of individuals are respected. It sates: An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/introduction). It is important to note that the Human Rights Act 1998, encompasses every single act within the United Kingdoms legal system. For health and social care it enables the legal framework to meet the requirements of service delivery. Due to allegations and concerns made by Stephanie, Helens daughter, it is necessary to undertake a formal documented assessment under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) Section.1. This assessment is known as the MCA model and has to be conducted by two professionals of different agencies in order to confirm Helens mental capacity. The MCA 2005 codes of practice sets out five statutory principles and these are: A person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established that they lack capacity. A person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision unless all practical steps to help him to do so have been taken without success. A person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision merely because he makes an unwise choice. An act done or decision made, under this Act for or on behalf of a person who lacks capacity must be done, or made, in his best interests. Before this act is done, or the decision made, regard must be had to whether the purpose for which it is needed can be as effectively achieved in a way that is less restrictive of the persons rights and freedom of action (www3.hants.gov.uk/adult-services/health-wellbeing/adultmh/mental-capacity-act/mca-principles.htm). Case law refers to cases which have changed legislation and the story of an autistic man detained in Bournewood hospital under the Mental Health Act 1983, changed the rights for people who lack capacity. His carers successfully challenged his unlawful detainment and deprivation of liberty, by taking the case to the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). In 2004 the European Court judgment of the appeal of R v. Bournewood Community and Mental Health Trust, ex parte L [1998] 3 ALL ER 458, was forced to change and the Bournewood ruling and now provides extra protection for the human rights of people who lack capacity and find themselves deprived of their liberty (Brammer, 2010). There are two statues to consider when looking Helens case, the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA) and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) (both amended by the Mental Health Act 2007 (MHA 2007)), which provide different kinds of powers and duties for Social Services with regards to Helens mental capacity. Fennell (2007) indicates that both acts provide safeguarding against arbitrary deprivation of liberty which would contravene Articles 5 and 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998. Helen may be medically fit but mentally not ready to go home and if this were to happen this can delay discharge as this would require waiting for assessments to be completed and therefore, the NHS would now be responsible for the delay. As the service user/patients circumstances would have changed, the NHS would have to withdraw the existing notice and re-notify social services under s.2 of the Community Care (Delayed Discharges) Act 2003. Re-notification of this kind cancels the previous notice and restarts the process, meaning that social services must reassess the patient and, after consulting the NHS body, decide when the patient will be ready to be discharged. Social care services, which are provided by public authorities, provide support for individuals, families, carers, groups and communities. In most cases, whenever you need healthcare, medical treatment or social care, you have the right not to be discriminated against because of your age, race, gender, gender identity,  disability, religion or sexual orientation. On the 1st October 2010, the Equality Act became statute. It provides anti-discriminatory law and has replaced the Disabilities Discrimination Act 1995 and the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970. provides a new cross-cutting legislative framework to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality of opportunity for all; to update, simplify and strengthen the previous legislation; and to deliver a simple, modern and accessible framework of discrimination law which protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a fair and more equal society (http://www.equalities.gov.uk/equality_act_2010.aspx). In summary when Helen is medically fit to leave hospital, social workers are responsible for ensuring the transition from hospital, back home is managed in a sensitive way. Helen is currently receiving meal on wheels and although additional support may be needed it is clear she will require continuing care. This is the name given to the care needed by an adult who requires help over an extended period of time to assist in their daily life. This package of care involves services and funding from both the NHS and Adult Social Care. There are many aspects to consider when working within legal frameworks in Adult Social Care, such as statutory duties, service users rights and tensions which can occur when working a multi-disciplinary setting. In order to determine a sufficient and accurate care plan, the legal statutory duties and the codes of practice laid out by the General Social Care Council should guide practice but ultimately the needs of the services user should be at the fore.

Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles of Enron

Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles of Enron To begin, one should look at the background of Enron and how it became the largest energy trading company in the world (Needle, 2004) in less than two decades. Founded in 1985 in a merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, Enron expanded from pipelines to electricity and online trading. Enron was based in Houston, Texas and it built pipelines, power stations and gas plants in the USA and around the world; Kenneth Lay was the Chairman and CEO. According to the documentary film Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, the arrival of Jeffrey Skilling as CEO was a turning point in Enrons business activities. Skilling was a visionary initiator and he saw the future of Enron as a middleman in nationwide and global energy trading. The tide of energy deregulation in the 1990s made it possible for Enrons senior executives to convince investors, financial regulators, and the United States Government that its sale of financial instruments also known as derivatives was economically sound. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Organisational culture was one of the important aspects which played a crucial role in the downfall of Enron. Using Scheins layered conceptualisation of culture (Rollinson, 2008) one can begin by analysing the core of the culture also known as basic assumptions. In this layer, main desire of an organization is to create wealth for its shareholders, employees, and investors. As revealed in the documentary film, the management and trading floors were obsessed with value of the Enron stock from which wealth would be generated; people inside Enron literally did whatever they could to ensure that the stock kept rising to attract further investments. The next layer in Scheins model is values and beliefs. Here basis of reward and effort are in instantly recognised as an important aspect of Enron. As mentioned before, Enron paid large bonuses to employees and partners who performed their job exceptionally well. To receive these rewards some divisions of Enron falsified information regarding their financial performance. In this layer we also find trust and honesty which Enron did receive from its customers and employees until its downfall. In fact the shock and disbelief of its employees and customers evidently supports the notion that Enron was a respected business in the investor community and in the government. The final layer, artefacts and creations, are those most visible to the general public. As the 7th largest company in the USA there was relatively a lot of publicity regarding Enron as the leader in innovation having received the Fortune honour of Americas Most Innovative Company six years in a row. It became a norm on the trading floors to work overtime in hope of receiving bonuses. In the documentary, a local priest revealed how some employees came to see him for counselling as they felt that Enron was taking over their lives. Symbols of hierarchy were also explicit; Kenneth Lay, Skilling and most senior managers occupied large offices in the top floors while traders operated on the lower floors. Myths and stories is a very interesting aspect since senior management circulated stories regarding devilish trips inducing the idea of a macho culture where it is admirable to take risks. This furthered the notion that it was acceptable for people at all levels in the Enron hierarchy to t ake risks to expand the company. Last but not least, taboos were considered the few but strongly outspoken criticisms it received by few investors and journalists; these were ignored completely. This blunt ignorance played a major role in its downfall because it could still be in business today if it had responded to early criticism. LEADER There are a lot of definitions for the term Leader. One of the definition which suits the leader in this case study being A person who holds a dominant or superior position within its field, and is able to exercise a high degree of control or influence over others. Jeff skilling, the CEO of Enron has been depicted as the leader in this case. He was aggressive, intelligent and possessed exemplary leadership qualities which was incremental in creating a culture of aggression and incentivised competition in the organisation. He wanted to alter the way in which Energy was being traded. He succeeded in initiating a market for natural gas wherein it started being traded as stocks. He converted energy into a financial instrument and this led to Enron becoming the largest energy trader in North America. In the movie, Bethany has said that Jeff Skilling was an inspirational leader who inspired his work force and empowered them. He was a genius who controlled the working environment with his intelligence, asking employees to believe that they are the best group of employees and understand that they are associated with the best organization in the world. LEADERSHIP TRAITS Traits are distinguishing qualities or characteristics of a person, while character is the sum total of these traits. The more of these you display as a leader, the more your followers will believe and trust in you. The five leadership traits/leadership qualities are honest, forward-looking, competent, inspiring and intelligent. Jeff skilling was very much forward-looking in nature as he always wanted to make maximum out of the business and wanted Enron to be one of the largest organization in the world. He was inspirational to many people including the share holders, employees, media and even stock brokers/analyst. These people blindly followed him because of his charismatic leadership style. He was one the intelligent minds in Enron. Under his leadership the organisation transformed from a small energy market player to the biggest energy trading company in North America with a rapidly expanding global operations network. The company was being driven by the aggressive and individualistic attitude which was strongly ingrained in the system by Jeff Skilling and the policies of the management team for attaining short term profit. These were successful in achieving the results in hindsight but were seriously damaging the ethical balance in the system. His charisma had many dark side tendencies which overlooked the ethical side of the business leading the company to go down in a few years time frame. LEADERSHIP STYLE An influential definition of leadership states as follows: The process whereby one individual influences other group members towards the attainment of defined group, or organizational goals. (Barron Greenberg, 1990). The case of Enron singles out two individuals in particular with leadership qualities namely Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling. Group members may be considered to be the employees of Enron but in the documentary mentioned above, many say that the traders performing the day-to-day business activities are those most influenced by the CEO. From the quote one can also see that the traders desire to be known as the ones making the most money for the company and the desire for Lay and Skilling to be rich and influential are two goals which go well hand in hand. However it may be this mutual desire which blinded both partners and drove them to greed and illegality. It is now one turns to the role of leadership in the downfall of Enron. Although both Lay and Skilling essentially are managers appointed by those with the most shares in Enron, it is evident that during their tenure they possessed leadership qualities which affected their subordinates. Using first the descriptive approach to leadership (Rollinson 2008), one can observe that many people inside and outside the Enron admire Lay for his rise from a modest preacher family to a Washington-insider and CEO of a billion dollar company. In America, individualism is regarded as the predominant workplace culture and as CEO of Enron Lays influence was therefore significant. In essence Lay embodies the capitalist dream in the US in particular. Having received the leadership mantel Lay bluntly lied to his subordinates and investors regarding the financial state of Enron as it faced financial difficulties. This prolonged the period of debts and may be the reason to the speed of the eventual collapse. Jeffrey Skilling as well as being the appointed CEO possessed leadership qualities of a different kind. The functional approach to leadership (Rollinson 2008) shows that Skilling arguably acquired his leadership status as accredited with the visionary movement of Enron into the online trading medium. Ironically, it is likely that this new complex trading paved way for the accounting fraud to come and caused the downfall. An aspect perhaps less investigated but which also affects leadership is the idea of reciprocal causality (Rollinson 2008). The followers, in this case the employees; in return for their dedication to the leaders also demand something in return. It is acknowledged that many traders received large bonuses for creating wealth for the company. At best this gave employees incentive to work hard with dedication and work overtime and at worst it engaged some, in particular traders, in illegality as shown in the documentary with the California blackouts. 5.1 Transactional and transformational leadership In transactional leadership, the leader holds the power and has the control over his employees or followers. He provides incentives for followers to do what he wants. Hence, if an employee does what is desired, a reward will follow and he or she does not, a punishment or with holding of the reward will occur. In transformational leadership, positive changes can be observed in the followers. Transformational leaders are very energetic, enthusiastic and passionate by nature. They are generally concerned about the processes and are always involved in it to make it even better. These kinds of leader interact with their employees, take their suggestions into consideration and help them to succeed in their work. The best leadership is both transformational and transactional. Transformational leadership augments the effectiveness of transactional leadership; it does not replace transactional leadership, (Walsman, Bass, Yammarino, 1990). Transaction is an effective and necessary tool for leaders at all levels. Transformational leaders generally resort to the transactional style when they do not find a suitable solution for any of the problem faced. When the transformational leader sees him/her in a win-lose negotiation he tries to convert it into a win-win problem solving situation. If this is not possible, then he or she can display the transactional skills necessary as an effective negotiator, (Walsman, Bass, Yammarino, 1990). Transactional and transformational leadership are different from each other but still they are not mutually exclusive processes and different leaders may use both of these based on different situations. This may be termed as situational leadership where the leader re sponds differently under different circumstances showing the behaviour of both transactional and transformational leadership. Jeff Skilling demonstrated both these styles in his leadership. He was transactional in the sense that involved an exchange taking place between leader and follower. He wanted employees to believe on his words and made sure that each and every employee work according to his instructions and timelines, making sure that maximum output is achieved in the minimum time. For this, he kept on motivating employees by rewarding them for the work done. He was also simultaneously transformational where in the followers were motivated to transcend their own self interests for the good of the group, organization, or society. According to Jeff Skilling, certain elements like hiring the most talented people and providing them a challenging environment for them to perform to their best, flattening the traditional corporate hierarchy to encourage personal accountability, efficiency, and motivation, being first in new markets and adopting the best systems and technology are critical for maintaining an environment where innovation can thrive. 5.2 CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP AND CULT In charismatic leadership, the leader has the ability to communicate and behave in such a basic and emotional way that the followers are inspired and motivated in a great way. Being charismatic may be difficult, but not impossible; because many people have the capability to communicate on a very powerful emotional level and they even include some personality traits. Charismatic leadership is not an essential to be an effective leader and more ever relying on charisma to lead can also be problematic. Jeff Skilling was one of the charismatic leaders, who lacked other leadership characteristics and skills (e.g. integrity), who led his followers into situations that turned out horribly. At Enron, Skilling aimed at developing a charisma aura around him. He did every possible thing to promote himself and his views which was consistent with the business. The employees at Enron, media and even the market analyst believed his words blindly without cross verifying or questioning any his argument or declaration made by him. Skilling and Lay were successful in controlling the minds of people. They were internally known as Darth Vader. Charisma is a powerful attribute in many cult leaders which is used in a negative way for self-serving and being destructive to others. Charisma is useful during the cult formation. Only an influential and strong-willed leader can convince others to follow him and belief his words. People misinterpret the quality of this cult leader and the leader foster them belief in his special qualities. At Enron, the leaders had the tendency of living in unusual wealth; this is a disparity that is used in reinforcing the intuition that the individuals possess extraordinary charisma, insight and abilities. The CEO led an ultra opulent life. A good example is Kenneth Lay, an executive leader of Enron; he had to pay a sum of $7 million for an apartment, which together with his wife transformed into a Venetian fortress with deep velvets, dark woods and a period sanctuary (Watkins Swartz, 2003). POWER AND INFLUENCE Leaders generally use two kinds of powers- Position power which is due to the position they hold in an organisation and Personal power. We can safely say that Skilling had both at his disposal. In terms of position, he would offer rewards to people who did a good job, hence demonstrating Reward power and also people would comply to his orders as they thought he was at a level of authority t make that request and they had to obey. This showed the use of legitimate power. Also due to the knowledge he had and what was demonstrated in the movie followers even looked up to him, this showed the use of expert power. He also used referent power which was the personal power he could use to influence people. People wanted to gain his approval as they admired him and were awed by his charismatic personality and were willing to do anything to stay in his good books or be commended by him. Skilling influenced people by rational persuasion and inspirational appeals by being logical in his arguments but also at the same time appealing to their values and getting their commitment as this was needed to prevent the whistle blowing of all the activities that were happening within Enron. All employees were part of the Enron game, which could only be done by showing them a better future for the organisation. FOLLOWERS Followers were in awe of Skilling. They drew a blind eye to everything wrong happening within Enron. The charismatic personality was having its effect on the people, and even though under normal situations they probably would have acted different, under Skillings leadership, they were committed and loyal. They wanted his approval, and they believed in the vision he showed them. They were unaware of the fact that they were being played. Skillings job was to get higher profits for all the stakeholders and that was exactly what he was trying to achieve. As mentioned in the movie, Enron captured the hearts and minds of stock analysts. Employees were very much surrounded by the healthy environment of the company and the stock price of Enron was an obsession among them. They believed that Jeff Skilling was the person responsible for this and thus followed his instructions to enjoy the benefits of the companys performance. They worked extra hours to fulfil the demand raised by Jeff Skilling as they were been promised bonuses and rewards for the completion of task on time. LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT Enhancement of leadership quality and skills of a leader within an organization is termed as leadership development. These skill enhancements results from experience and time spent within the organization. Jeff Skilling was one of the finest minds and that was the reason why Kenneth Lay recruited him and introduced him to Enron. He spent time understanding the essentials of Enron and followed the directions of Lay to get a grip on the organizational process. Soon he understood that the aura of Enron was based on the belief of the stakeholders who followed Enron strategy blindly. He, as a leader, made sure that the followers follow his words and work according to his strategy. For this he followed the transactional approach to make sure that every employee is giving his best effort to get the work done on time, so that he is eligible for rewards. At the same time he also added some transformational methods to make the employees feel that they are equally involved in organizations development. As per the movie, he even changed up his get up to look more vibrant. He also followed situational leadership methods to tackle different situation and keep everyone on the same track that whatever he is doing is for the betterment of the organization and its stakeholders. His leadership aura spread and everyone started feeling that whatever Skilling does is a stepping stone towards the success of Enron and everyone is going to be benefitted from his strategic move. He even became the CEO of company within a few years time frame. He developed, from an employee, to a successful leader who was considered as icon in US industries. This self-confidence of his increased over the period the time and he kept exploiting the resources to fulfil his dreams and soon the dark side of his charismatic leadership was exposed. CONCLUSION The reasons for the downfall of Enron were analysed from the leadership and ethical perspectives. The movie Enron The Smartest Guys in the room was a great source of information which helped in conducting an analysis about the cultural and leadership patterns in the organization. It was observed that Enron had an obligation to all its stakeholder but those were not met at the end. Enron executives made unethical and illegal decisions based on their personal benefit but those went totally wrong. The leaders job was to provide the vision for the group but it was done in an unethical manner. The view provided to the employees, media, stock analysts and external world was doctored unethically and improper practises were projected as the best business practises by the ubiquitous skills of Jeff Skilling and Kenneth Lay. The dark side of charismatic leadership was observed in the movie, where Jeff Skilling had a dream and ability to get the company to support that dream but he used his charismatic aura to influence people in wrong direction. He provided a self-manipulated framework by which the employees in the organization can achieve their dreams in the form of rewards and bonuses. But the companys culture did not allow the employees to challenge and question the ideas of Jeff Skilling. Rather they were given the target and timeliness and asked to achieve it by planning accordingly, in order to be eligible for rewards and bonuses. Enron did not allow dissent, people who suggeste d alternatives were castigated for not being team players. The leaders produced an environment of fear, stagnation and antipathy in the organization and this led to the downfall of the Enron.

The Emerging Culinary Trend - Gluten-free Essay -- Nutrition

Wheat is one of the number ones sources of fiber in the American diet. According to gluten.net (GIG) gluten is a storage protein that is found in all grains. The immune system response to this protein is called Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy or Celiac Disease. People with this sensitivity must adhere to a gluten-free diet and must avoid wheat, rye and barley products. This paper will examine gluten-free products and address the opinion that this emerging trend tastes as good as any other food with gluten in them. Gluten is a protein that is found in wheat, oats, rye and barley. What most people don’t know is that wheat is also used in products from tomato soup to lip gloss to even shampoo. Most medications, art supplies and also in the body of Christ at Holy Communion. (Alicea, 2008). Unless items are certified to be gluten-free those with Celiac Disease cannot consume them. (Alicea, 2008) Celiac Disease is an autoimmune response to gluten. (Alicea, 2008) In an article written in Long-Term Living: For the Continuing Care Professional. The article states, â€Å" A person {with Celiac Disease} immune system’s sees the gluten protein as a toxin and produces antibodies that damage the small intestine’s ability to absorb nutrients, which can lead to weight loss and vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Celiac disease is one of the most under-diagnosed diseases among the American population; many doctors confuse the symptoms with that of irritable bowel syndrome. (Alicea, 2008) Celiac Disease affects everyone differently; infants, toddlers, adults and senior citizen are all at risk for developing Celiac Disease. In infants the symptoms have far worst effects and even fatal results than those in older suffers if left untreated. Babies with Cel... ...essed carbohydrate from your daily intake. This doesn’t hold true for all gluten-free products as they have the same carbohydrate level as their counterparts; so just because it says gluten-free doesn’t mean that they are healthy in excess. Everything is healthy in moderation. References Alicea, Ronni. "Gluten-Free Diets: Are You Prepared?." Long-Term Living: For The Continuing Care Professional 57.12 (2008): 22-24. Academic Search Complete Web. 9 Nov. 2011. Coffey, Lynette. Wheatless Cooking: including Gluten-free and Sugar-free Recipes. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed, 1985. Print. "Frequently Asked Questions." Gluten Intolerance | Gluten Intolerance Group. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. . Walsh, William E. "Gluten Intolerance." Food Allergies: the Complete Guide to Understanding and Relieving Your Food Allergies. New York: Wiley, 2000. 216-24. Print.

The Road Not Taken Vs. Mother To Son Essay -- essays research papers

Paths are Like Stairs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although they portray two very different writing styles, Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and Langston Hughes’s â€Å"Mother to Son† have a few things in common, especially their meanings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Road not Taken† Frost speaks of a time in his life where he had to make a choice, a choice of which direction his life was about to go: â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood / And sorry I could not travel both† (1-2). â€Å"Mother to Son† also speaks of life in a metaphorical way, but as a staircase rather than two paths: â€Å"Well, son, I’ll tell you / Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair† (1-2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later in â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Frost describes the appearance of each road, one as being less traveled on than the other by people before him who had to make the same decision: â€Å"And looked down one as far as I could / Then took the other, just as fair / Because it was grassy and wanted wear† (4,6,8). â€Å"Mother to Son† takes it another step as to describe the staircase the mother had to climb. She explains how hard it was but also how she never gave up: â€Å"It’s had tacks in it / And splinters / And boards torn up / But all the time / I’se been a-climbin’ on† (3-5,8-9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Road Not Taken† ends by giving a moral to us about Frost’s life and the path he did take. Although Frost doesn’t thoroughly explain the path he took, the reader ...

Postmodernism and Multimedia Essay

The premises of postmodernism include the spread of globalization, deviation from the â€Å"universal truth†, non-linearity and flexibility and that it can be closely associated with computer technology. These premises can be found and embodied in today’s multimedia. Multimedia itself can be considered a postmodern creation because of the nonlinearity in its creation, storage and distribution especially with the advent of the World Wide Web and other technological advances (Phillips c. 2003). Multimedia is also an entertainment form that branches in different directions, deconstructing and reconstructing the experiences to suit different individual tastes. It links different sections and components, making the media more interactive and more convenient for the audience as they go through the sections of their choosing. This proves its nature true as an integration of multiple media that can multiply the impact of the message/s the multimedia would want to impart to its audiences (Pant 1999). Multimedia methodology and production itself can be said to be generally postmodern because of the technologies and the demands they need to adapt to in order to satisfy the demands of the today’s market. Postmodernism, is, thus the heart of this era’s multimedia methodology and production. The methodology and production of multimedia is a process that involves multiple steps that include conceptualization, development, preproduction, production, postproduction, and documentation with each phase being further subdivided into different activities (Pant 1999). Conceptualization and development, mostly take a linear approach (though these may become non-linear depending on the medium of technology it should be adapted to), but the preproduction, production, postproduction and documentation stages get more complicated as the multimedia reaches more audiences. This is where postmodern methods, like non-linearity, enters in. This is a case in point in movies, wherein, after the theaters, they go to the DVD. In the DVD, they get reproduced by adding commentary tracks, behind-the-scenes documentaries, deleted scenes and outtakes which involve the stages from production to documentation (Owczarski 2007). Because of the new edits to DVDs and other media such as downloadable videos, the media has been made to be more interactive with a click of a button and lends to its non-linear quality. Tied into its production and methodology, the different sections that are being inputted into the multimedia are not created linearly and are edited into the work piecemeal depending on the market’s demands and the playfulness of the media produced. The multimedia are not only transmitted through the Internet and DVD but are also being distributed non-linearly to other mediums such as the mobile phones and other devices that makes creators go back and forth in the production process making it spiral rather than linear in order to accommodate the demands of technology and the public and still having almost the same experience in the end. Flexibility is also very evident in today’s multimedia as evidenced by different mediums where they are presented in. Some of the most popular mediums are online streaming sites such as YouTube. While traditional media uses video cameras to create videos, postmodern methods use different technologies to create videos devoid of the professional touch. As stated by Ann Hornday in her study of the phenomenon of the public’s production of their own media contributions, â€Å"The mobile phone camera has introduced a whole new version of variety, delivering spontaneous, intimate, unedited footage. At their best, these slices of life – devoid of structural conceits and often of narration – transport viewers to places and situations they would never otherwise be privy to. And they can land unexpected emotional punches. No CNN report and few feature-length documentaries could capture the stark terror of a two-minute video recently uploaded to Metacafe. com, in which a U. S. Army convoy on a routine run dodges a bomb on an Iraq street† (2007). Such is the nature of today’s multimedia. Postmodernism in multimedia has expanded the experiences of audiences around the globe because of its introduction of the idea of versatility; being able to explore different environments that would otherwise be closed off to traditional media. As today’s technologies demand more portability and accessibility, multimedia has adapted to become more flexible to the growing requirements of its consumers. Some of these technologies come in the form of handheld technologies such as PDAs and mobile phones which have varying and more compact requirements. Since the requirements of these small and less complicated devices are different from those stated above, the creation of multimedia is increasingly becoming more flexibly created and recreated. With the addition of textual design in different forms of multimedia, the current technology has enabled the audience to interact with and participate in the media-making experience itself. The different technologies that have emerged has made it possible for various ways to present multimedia, regardless of proper lighting, sound and focus, and is still able make an appealing video to the audiences (Hornday 2007). This disregard for traditional means for professional multimedia creations and the non-professionalism of the publicly-made multimedia has made the postmodern movement of media an exciting experience that has made it possible for multimedia to flourish unlike other media forms. These, and other postmodern influences, has made it the most successful form of media that makes it the heart of multimedia.

Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay

Ack promptly dupegement I bonk my God for provision of good health, heavy mind and in 10der caring. I besides express the same to my lector Mr. Malel for his diligent and industrious work he did to me in the process of writing up the throw. I in any case acknowledge the contributions of my colleagues and my family for the diligence and encour shape upment that they kick in presumptuousness me since I begun the support. I too acknowledge the stark regain to the Kenya National Library assist in Kericho. Dedication I practice this report to my Almighty Father for His innumerous Mercies and Eternal Providence.I as thoroughly as wet-nurse it to my family, my pargonnts and my sisterren. Abstract The withdraw investigated the statistical descent among the animal foot garment of FPE and the history of kids in ECD centers. The paper begins by assessing the changes in history prior and after(prenominal) the entrance of FPE in 2002. It then delves into the quest ion of why this happens. The cover Mogogosiek Z unitary although the findings is relevant for the whole country. The investigateer savourd six directs as the sample to symbolize twenty take aims in the z oneness. The random sample technique was utilise since all directhouses argon homogeneous.The questioner utilize questionnaires and observation to perk up info in the field. The project is utilizable for the stakeholders in the ECD sector ranging from school sharpens to political sympathies administrators involved with ECD work. Table of Contents firmness of purpose BY CANDIDATEii DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORii Acknowledgementiii Dedicationiv Abstractv Abbreviations and Acronymsviii CHAPTER one and only(a)1 entre1 1. 1 backcloth of the fuss1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem3 1. 3Objectives of the have4 1. 4 settle of the Study5 1. 5 Justification of the puke6 1. 6 Signifi locoweedce of the Study7 1.7 Limitations8 1. 8 Delimitations9 CHAPTER TWO10 Literature canvas10 2. 1 The personal essences of the access of FPE on memorandum10 2. 2 Factors that make up led to number one inscription as a core of inception of FPE in Kenya13 2. 3 strike of FPE on inscription in ECDs16 CHAPTER THREE18 mannerology18 3. 1 interrogation Design18 3. 2 localization principle of the Study19 3. 3 Tar piddle Population20 3. 4 Sample Population21 3. 5 Sampling Method22 3. 6 Research Instruments23 CHAPTER FOUR24 Data mold24 4. 1 The design to Which ECD account gloamd as a prove Of ledger entry of Fpe in the ten Sampled Institutions24.4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD inscription as a contribute Of demonstration Of FPE26 4. 3 move of FPE on ECD scroll per Economic frame27 CHAPTER FIVE28 Conclusions28 5. 1 The Relationship amidst the grounding of FPE and catalogue in ECDS Attached to Public patriarchal schools28 5. 2 The Effects of knowledgeability of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in semi backst grow primitive grooms28 5. 3 Causes for the downcast Enrolment of Pupils in Public base School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. 28 5. 4 Effects of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class29 supplement A30 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ECD TEACHERS30. addition B35 BIBLIOGRAPHY35 APPENDIX C36 Work order of business36 APPENDIX D37 Budget37 APPENDIX D38 Introduction letter38 Abbreviations and Acronyms ECD = previous(predicate) puerility breeding ECDE = early(a) childishness Development and Education. MDG = millenary Development Goals. UN = United Nations FPE = freehanded essential Education. GER=Gross Enrolment Rate is cargonful by dividing the figure of children of whatever hop on enrolled in preschool by the estimated number of 3-5 defecate olds. UNESCO= United Nations Educational Scientific and pagan organization. OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.MOEST=Ministry of Education, Science and technology CHAPTER ONE Introduction This chapter introduces the research topic. It begins wi th an design fol number oneed by a statement of the caper and last-placely the purpose of the believe. 1. 1Background of the Problem As come apart of his campaign manifesto, President Kibaki introduced the forfeit direct Education computer broadcast in Primary schools. The program was meant to tierce to juicy ad scarcement of pupils in both simple school and ECD centers in Kenya. The natural corollary was that the ECD enrollment would rise as a leave alone of the launch of FPE. However, statistics take up the contrary.The say of chronicle in ECD centers has trim back interest the admittance of FPE. This shows a prejudicial correlativity betwixt archive and FPE. This project sought-after(a) to centripetal the fact that indeed enrollment in FPE has falld since the understructure of FPE in schools. Paper also sought to give reasons why the rate of muniment in ECD bears a damaging correlation with the FPE storageing. This has been a surprise finding given that the aim of the government is to trail in corpseation in Kenya holistically. The project also assessed the apt(predicate) statistical kindred among record in prime feather and ECD It showed that .the senior higher(prenominal) the record rate in direct school the lower the schedule in ECD. This project sought to give reasons for that descent and provide for suggestions on how the problem can be solved. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem The problem was to study the cause that FPE has had on enrollment in ECDCs. The project also analyse the causes of the minus relationship amidst FPE funding and low enrollment in ECDCs. The problem is that payable to the submission of FPE, pupils cave in been joining rank one with verboten way give away through the ECD break upes.This is a worrying split up as it suggests a low take aim of prepargondness of the pupils in lower firsthand feather school. It also points to the need to consider ECD in man funding 1. 3Objectiv es of the Study The project studied the following objectives a To ground the exploit of the basis of FPE on roll in ECDS devoted to public simple schools. bTo seduce the effects of the gateway of FPE on registration of pupils in ECDS attached to clannish base schools. c To cast the conclusion to which enrollment in ECDCs make water even turn outd in Mogogosiek zone as a result of the launch of FPE.d To catch out the effects of introduction of FPEs on account in ECDS per economic figure. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to localize the effects of the introduction of Free Primary Education on history in ECDs in primitive schools in Kenya. 1. 5 Justification of the Project This project is warrant on the following grounds. beginning(a), little tone-beginning has been made to determine the relationship among the introduction of FPE nationally and enrollment of pupils in ECDs locally. at that place is also need to determine the causes of the decline in history in ECDs as a result of introduction of FPE.The decline has most(prenominal)ly travel(p) the scant(p) who consist of the most vulnerable theme. That the introduction of FPE has negatively affected the silly in terms of taking their children to the ECD has great implications to fight mendicancy in the country. It shows that the children of the unworthy nominate poor groundation and allow most likely perform poorly afterward in life thitherby getup the poverty gap wider still 1. 6 Significance of the Study This study is big because of a number of reasons. First, the government must(prenominal) know the carry ons of its funding principal(a) schools or opposite(a) institutions.The FPE is an integrated developing program and it should lead to a holistic phylogenesis of the commandment sector in prevalent and non a lopsided evolution of the country. Secondly, the government pass on get info on the level of foundational preparation in rur al atomic number 18as and design powerful policies that bequeath aid the state in ensuring high prototypes of breeding in ECD and realize effective transition from ECD to immemorial school. Thirdly, on that point is an on-going pressure on the government to fund the ECD sector in Kenya. This paper is meant to ensure that this goal is attained.Lastly, educational practitioners particularly ECD teachers and administrators leave behind be reminded of the need to ensure a high level of readjustment in ECDs and effective transition to native schools 1. 7 Limitations During the study, the researchers were limited by the following component parts. First and foremost, rural ECD managers were non willing to dupe words round the low enrolment in ECD centers. They fe atomic number 18d that releasing the information would lead to negative publicity. Secondly, most residents were non actually open to give information on where their children were acquirement to outsiders. Third ly, the county is very(prenominal) large and expansive.It was not very easy for the researchers to travel from one locating to another(prenominal) payable(p) to poor and bad terrain. Fourth, most residents moderate just healed from the post electoral violence that affected most of the Republic. They be very comical of new nonplusrs and more than so raze residents asking questions. They easily take much(prenominal) gestures as police investigations. Fifth, though not least, the researcher was affected by wishing of enough funds to carry out an in depth analysis covering the entire zone. Even if funds were availed, there was still the need for more clipping to carry out the work.The researchers were affected by lack of sufficient eyepatch since they argon full time teachers who need time to run their institutions apart from conducting research work. The project was also be affected by low literacy rate since most p atomic number 18nts are not literate enough to def end and respond to questionnaires. 1. 8 Delimitations The delimiting factor is that the researchers come from the study location and are extremely familiar with the area. Secondly, the researchers being ECD and Primary teachers, energise long and extensive experience and strain with ECD and primary school children.They are also conversant the running of ECD centers in the country. Thirdly, the researchers used written questionnaires distributed to schools. This minimized the time needful to move from one institution to another and effectively reduce the time essential to talk with an interviewee. CHAPTER TWO Literature suss out 2. 1 The effects of the introduction of FPE on enrollment Many studies exact been conducted to operate the actual effect of FPE on ECD enrolment. approximately of the studies have been conducted by International instruction Agencies such(prenominal) as USAID and DANIDA.The most complete overview, however, are the studies conducted by UNESCO and app roved by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. A UNESCO insurance retread underwrite, UNESCO/OECD primordial Childhood insurance revaluation Project, 2005, hereafter to be referred simply to as the UNESCO report 2005, reports that, A 1969 survey counted active 200,000 children enrolled in 4800 ECD centers with nearly 5,000 teachers. The number of ECD Centers and teachers have been growing steadily and, after a stalled increase of tho 15% between 1993 and 2000, the enrolment ratio leaped by 50% over the next iii forms.The new (2001/02) GER in preschool is officially 35%, although the presidential terms own statistics appear to show a GER of 48% in 1998, falling to 41% in 2002. Such a report shows a decline in GER in ECD. The year in which the FPE was introduced is 2002. Therefore, changes occurring between 2001 and 2002 truly debate effects of FPE on enrolment. A UNESCO Policy brief on primal Childhood entitled the Impacts of Free Primary Education on arc hean Childhood Development in Kenya, Jan. to Feb. 2006, by Yoshie Kaga, claims that the overall effect of FPE has been the reduction of enrollment in ECD.Here is an excerpt from the report, Studies have been conducted to assess the effects of FPE on ECD centers. well-nigh(a) report on negative effects, while others note no major buzz off backs. While the overall impact of the insurance policy is yet to be determined, the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy retrospect Mission, which took fundament in September 2004, observed that the policy did have a negative impact of FPE on ECD in Kenya and outline 2 major options that whitethorn mitigate possible negative impact. EFA Global supervise report, 2005, UNESCO Publishing reports that the gross(a) enrollment rate for the age group 3 to 5 was 44.4% in 2001. However, the theory that enrollment rates declined as a result of the introduction of FPEs is not automatically to be accepted. Some reports indicate that the GER change mag nitude as a result of the introduction of FPE. The UNESCO/OECD Report, 2005, reports in item number 3. 4. 1, The Background Report of Kenya shows that, while enrollment increased substantially from 1,076,606 to 1,281,846 between 1998 and 2002. A closer look at the figures, however, suggests ii rather disturbing trends.First, GERs in preschool have clearly declined since 1998 from 48% to 41%, and the major overall decline took place between 1998 and 1999 originally the FPE option arose. In fact, a small increase occurred from 2002 to 2003, after FPE was introduced in January 2003. Second, while he 1998 GER was about the same for boys and girls, a gap of about 4% in favor of boys opened up in 2001 and grew to 6% in 2002. The figures in the above report are not the same as other documents. According to the Quantitative Study of the Early Childhood Development Project last-place report to MOEST statistics, the 2002 figure is 1,416,048 and not 1,281,846.These differ views and con flicting figures show that the inverse relationship between FPE and ECD needs to be substantiate by qualified actuarial review. The extent of the relationship whitethorn need other factors to explain other than the factors stated above. 2. 2 Factors that have led to low enrolment as a result of introduction of FPE in Kenya Many workers have tried and true to give reasons for the decline in ECD enrolment as a result of the introduction of FPE. However, these are not in the form of complex scientific theories. The UNESCO Policy brief on Early Childhood is one such document.It explains the phenomenon in the following terms, The chief(prenominal) reason for this phenomenon is that since the implementation of FPE, poor parents are choosing to withdraw their children from ECD centers and/or commemorate them at home until they submit the age of primary school entry. They refuse to pay the fees for ECD on the grounds that ECD, lie primary education, should be free. However, this asse rtion needs to be corroborated by more extensive scientific studies on the causes of the inverse relationship. Economic theories may overhaul to describe the situation better.According to Ricardian analysis, low cost items such as display panel salt are already change cheaply and are therefore associated with poor sections of the population. If the price of salt, for example is reduced further, it dumbfounds too cheap and the buyers may shift for more dear(p) brand of salt. This theory seems to hold true for the ECDs in rural areas of Kenya. They are considered very cheap. Due to government subsidy, the parents may actually feel that the quality of primary education in public primary schools will decline. They see children who have been unjustified at home, such as pass children being brought to school.This makes them to hate public school education and instead opt for the costly hidden schools. As a introductory strategy, they decide to enrol their children in snobbish EC Ds with the reasoning that by the time the child enters primary school, he or she will have laid a blotto foundation in ECDE. The UNESCO/OECD Report in section 3. 3. 5. Reports that, Meanwhile, an assessment study of FPE on ECD carried out jointly by the MOEST and UNESCO in February 2004 found that ECD programmes had almost collapsed because childrens enrolment had decreased after the introduction of FPE.The study found that parents opted to send their children straight to bill one, which became free, without having them go through ECD, which was still fees paying. Moreover, measurement one teacher reported that children who skipped ECD had hindrance coping with less(prenominal)ons in primary school and poorly performed. Section 3. 3. 4 reports that, The Review Team found widespread anecdotal evidence of drops in enrolment at ECD centres, especially in poor provinces such as North eastern some(prenominal) parents have by passed ECD altogether umteen others send their child ren only to pre-unit class of ECD to furbish up them for primary school.In some areas, parents are keeping their children at home until they reach the age of 6 entitling them to free education. moreover other factors have been suggested by the UNESCO Policy Briefs on ECD. Calling it the unwitting consequence on ECD, the report went on to report that, ECD classrooms set up on the premises of public primary schools have been shut down in straddle to accommodate the surge of enrolment in primary schools sparked by FPE. In some cases, ECD children and teachers must put up with reduced space in others, they have been moved to the worst classrooms in the premises.At the territory level, inspection and supervision of ECD centres some of which is carried out by the district based zonal Inspector of schools, have reportedly become less frequent. The UNESCO/OECD report presents a inspection of the situation thus Despite these observations, the impact of FPE on ECD is still subject to dispute. For example, it is undecipherable whether FPE has been the main cause of falling ECD enrolments, given the evidence that the decline may well have begun well before the introduction of the policy.Also, it is yet to be determined how numerous of the unprepared pupils newly flowing into standard one would have gone to ECD centres if FPE had not been in place. The influx could simply be explained by a rising enrolment of at risk children who would not have been able to afford primary education when it was fee paying, let alone ECD centres. 2. 3 Impact of FPE on enrolment in ECDs There is an indication that poverty may be a great factor determining patterns of enrolment in ECDs. The UNESCO/OECD Report 2005, reports in section 3. 3. 8. Suggest that there is no direct relationship between FPE and ECD.Otherwise, such relationship could exist between FPE and other factors that mitigate leading to low enrolment. The paper points at poverty as one of the factors that lead to low en rolment as a result of the introduction of FPE. Section 3. 4. 3 on inequalities in the same report shows that, There are obvious geographical inequalities. In Nairobi, for instance, out-of-the-way(prenominal) more children are likely to be enrolled in ECD than in other provinces with comparable poverty levels. Meanwhile, North Eastern responsibility has the highest poverty level and the lowest enrolment rates. There are also sexual urge disparities.In Nairobi, girls are more likely to be enrolled whereas in North Eastern province, the reverse is observed. The report claims that the poor are generally not able to access ECD services. Even within Nairobi, middle and focal ratio class children benefit most from preschool experiences. Overall, those miss access to preschool services tend to be children from disadvantages communities such as semi dry and arid areas and urban slums. This observation is beef up by the findings of the Multiple Indicator clunk Survey. (UNICEF/Govern ment Survey, 2000) showing that 29.5% of children whose mothers had supplementary education were enrolled in some form of ECD compared to 10. 7% of those whose mothers had only completed primary school and 12. 4% of 2002 of those whose mothers had no schooling. There is also a clear association between GERs in 1998 and 2002 and the absolute poverty index (1997) at the district level, with viii of the ten correlations being negative and statistically significant though not very large. The table at a lower place was meant to encapsulate the correlation between poverty index and Ger at district level.If these reports are anything to go by, the researcher expects to find the decline in ECD enrolment to affect mainly the public ECD centres as opposed to the private ECD units. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Boys -0. 355 -0. 252 +0. 145 -0. 096 -0. 271 Girls +0. 007 -0. 287 -0. 272 -0. 048 -0. 290 Correlations between poverty index (1997) and GERs at partition Level Ref Kenya Human develo pment report (2001). UNDP/Background Report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project (2005). MOEST , Govt of Kenya.Statistically significant p is less than 0. 05. The researcher will therefore study the impacts of socio economic status on enrolment in ECD centres. CHAPTER THREE Methodology 3. 1 Research Design The researcher select the diagnostic research design. According to Kothari, diagnostic research studies are necessary to establish cause and causal nexus of two or three phenomena. The diagnostic research design was be inevitable as the researcher was needed to establish causality among variables school enrolment and enrolment. 3. 2 Location of the Study.The study was carried out in Konoin District, Mogogosiek Zone. It targeted three schoo 3. 3 Target Population The study targeted ECD children, ECD teachers and primary school Head instructors in Early Childhood Development centres. 3. 4 Sample Population The study sampled ten schools from a total o f twenty two in Mogogosiek Zone, Konoin District, Bomet County. 3. 5 Sampling Method The researcher used simple separate sampling. The listed schools were classified as boarding and twenty-four hours schools. Two schools were picked from private and three schools will be picked from day public schools category.The coincidence was used since there are only 1 out of 5 boarding schools in the zone 3. 6 Research Instruments The researcher used questionnaires and study schedules as the basic research instruments. The questionnaires will be designed and essayed on a school that is not part of the samples. The test will enable the researchers to determine the efficaciousness of the questionnaire. The researcher then wrote to the heads of the sampled schools wanting consent to conduct research in their institutions. The researcher sampled three schools representing all types of primary schools in the study locale.CHAPTER FOUR Data Representation 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolmen t Declined as a Result Of Introduction of Fpe in the ten Sampled Institutions The researcher studied the info from ten schools relating to the rate of enrolment just before and after the introduction of FPE. The results were as under SCHOOL ECD document IN 2000 ECD ENRLMENT IN 2001 ECD ENROLMENT IN 2002 ECD ENROLMENT IN 2003 1 51 50 53 43 2 48 47 53 44 3 67 69 71 58 A 41 43 44 61 B 47 52 51 58 The graph below depicts these data.The results show that there was a general trend for the enrolment in ECD in public primary schools to decline in the year following the introduction of FPE in 2002. There was increase of the number of pupils enrolling in ECDs manned by private schools following the introduction of FPE. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Result Of Introduction Of FPE The researcher sought to establish the causes of declined enrolment in public ECDs following the introduction of FPE in 2002. The following responses were open up. REASON given(p) % OF RESPONDE NTS Fear of low quality due to high enrolment in class 44% Fear of poor foundation in public ECDs 23% look at to give children good ECD foundation before joining private ECDs 76% Decline in the status of public ECDs 39% Demand for free education in class one 17% These data show that most parents preferred private school ECDs to public school ECDs due to the reasons above fear that the free primary education would lead to high enrolment hence low quality of education the fear that the public school ECDs were not preparing pupils adequately for primaryschool education need to children good ECD foundation and the decline of the status of public school ECD.This was alter by the introduction of street boys enrolling in public primary schools. 17% wished to get free education in class one hence skips the ECD class in order to achieve this. 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class The researcher sought to establish the effects that the introduction of FPE has led to d ecreased enrolment in ECD by economic class. She studied the composition of ten pupils in each sampled school to determine their economic class.It is found that most of the high class parents of stemma send their children to schools A to D. However, the following statistics advert to the composition of the pupils in the ECDs attached to public primary schools. The parents were classified as all poor earning less than 3000 per month or amount earning between 3001 and 6000 per month. The statistics below show the effect that the introduction of FPE affected the composition of pupils enrolling in public school ECDs. SCHOOL low-down AVERAGE LOWER MIDDLE 1 88% 8% 4% 2 78% 9% 13% 3 91% 5% 4% CHAPTER FIVE.Conclusions 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools The study established that there is a negative relationship between the introduction of FPE and the enrolment in ECD centres in ECDs attached to public primary s chools. The introduction of FPE led to reduced enrolment in primary schools in these schools. 5. 2 The Effects of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools The study established that the introduction of FPE in 2002 led to increased enrolment in ECDS in private primary school 5.3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. The study established that the introduction of FPEs led to low enrolment in ECDS in public primary schools due to the following reasons First, most parents feared that the admission of numerous pupils in primary schools will lead to low quality of education. They therefore sought to enrol their children in private institutions to burst forth from the low quality education to be experienced in public primary schools.Secondly, the parents associated the introduction of FPE in public primary schools to low prestige. The poor class could now take their children to school. This was not possible before. Those in the average class sought to take their children to better schools in order to keep up their status ahead of the poor class. Thirdly, the introduction of free education in primary school led to the poor class parents taking their children direct to class one in order to escape the fees pay in ECD and directly benefit from the FPE program 5. 4 Effects of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class.The introduction of FPE led to decline in the number of the children of the economically poor members of the community as compared to the middle class and the rich who continued to take their children to private school ECDs. APPENDIX A Questionnaire for ECD Teachers This questionnaire is part of a research project carried out by the researcher in partial tone fulfilment for award of the Diploma in ECD. The information obtained will be used for academic purposes only and will not be divulged to third parties. PART ONE General Information 1. Number of years You have worked in the station____________________ afoot(predicate) position held_______________2. Kindly give the pupils enrolment in your class by pick the form below YEAR BOYS GIRLS innate STREAMS 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 3. Who pays for your yield? Parents NGO County Council 4. Who collects the fees? Heat Teacher Pre-School Teacher 5. How is the fee collected if parents sell to pay? Sending pupils Teachers visiting parents 6. How are you paid your wages? Monthly every quarter 7. are parents willing to pay school fees? Yes No 8. Is the fees paid enough for your wages?Yes No 9. Are defaulters of fees common? Yes No 10. If yes, what reason do they give for defaulting? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11. Are head teachers supportive in relations with defaulters? Yes No 12. - What is your suggestion to the government in relation to free primary education and the way it affects preschool parents?- ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 13. Briefly give the age range of the pupils in your current class. call forth 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BOYS GIRLS quantity 14. Briefly give the range of pupils in 2003 class. SEX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BOYS GIRLS TOTAL 15. In your opinion, has the entry age changed since introduction of FPE?Yes No 16. Do your pre school classes have a committee? Yes No 17. How often are parents meetings held? Once a term. Once a year. 18. Do you keep financial records of fees collected? Yes No 19. If yes, how many pupils failed to complete fees in the previous year ? ____________________________________ _________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Thank you very much for responding to questionnaire truthfully and for being mindful of our research. God bring up you. APPENDIX B.Bibliography 1. Economics Simplified, 2009, Saleemi Publications, Kenya. 2. EFA Global Monitoring Report(2004). New York UNDP. S 3. MOEST, Government of Kenya,2005, Background report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Chidhood Policy Review Project, Government of Kenya. 4. Ngwere M. W. et al (2004). Quantitative Study of the Kenya Early Childhood Development Project, last(a) report to the MOEST, June 2004. Nakuru Sermon educational Consultants. 5. UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project, Policy Review Report Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya, by UNESCO, Paris, February, 2005.6. Yoshie Kaga, 2006,UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood, Impacts of Free Primary Education o Ea rly Childhood development in Kenya, Paris. APPENDIX C Work Schedule MONTH YEAR ACTIVITY TO BE DONE December 2010 Preparation for the research proposition and budgeting January-March 2011 Writing of the proposal April 2011 approbation for the proposal May 2011 Compiling and rewriting of the research proposal June-July 2011 Collection of the data August 2011 Analyzing of the data September-December 2011 Compiling and presenting the final project. APPENDIX D Budget.ACTIVITY trust/ITEM/USE AMOUNT KSH change of location For Literature review during data assembling while typing and compiling the project. 5001,5002,000 stationery Papers, pens, ruler, books, foolscaps, stapler, paper bunches 2,000 Typing/photocopying Research proposal and final project. 3,500 Food Lunch, tea break, snacks 1,500 heterogeneous Expenses Emergencies 2,500 TOTAL 13,500 APPENDIX D Introduction letter CHEBET JOYCE, KIRIMOSE PRIMARY SCHOOL, P. O boxwood 174 , LITEIN. 25TH JUNE 2011. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN just Sir/Madam, REF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT seek IN MOGOGOSIEK ZONE.I wish to seek for permission to conduct a research in your pre-school centre on THE effectuate OF INTRODUCTION OF FREE PRIMARY direction PROGRAM ON ENROLMENT IN ECD CENTERS in MOGOGOSIEK zone. I am a Diploma Student at vale Teachers Training College The Kenya National Examination Council is requiring a research as part of inquiry from me. I am therefore call for to collect data from your E. C. D. E teachers, parents, and head teachers of the selected school. I look forward for your confident(p) respond. Thanks in advance Yours reliably Chebet Joyce.