Courtly Love and Mediieval Romance - 7340 Words

Introduction The familiarity with the love tradition makes it easily mistakable for a natural and universal phenomenon and even brings a laxity of enquiring into its origins. However, it is difficult of not impossible to show love to be anything more than an artistic phenomenon or construct- a literary per formative innovation of Middle Ages. Courtly love was a medieval European formation of nobly, and politely expressing love and admiration. Courtly love was secret and between members of the nobility. (Simpson). The term courtly love was first popularized by Gaston Paris in 1883. It has since come under a wide variety of definitions and uses, even being brushed off as nineteenth-century romantic fiction. Its understanding, beginning,†¦show more content†¦In essence, courtly love was an experience between erotic desire and spiritual attainment that now seems contradictory as a love at once illicit and morally inspiring, passionate and disciplined, mortifying and exalting, human and inspirational (Newman). History Many scholars who have believed that courtly love was a historical development rely on historical literature. Courtly love is believed to have begun in southern France in the ducal princely courts of Aquitaine, Provence, and Champagne, ducal Burgundy and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, a sufficiently peaceful yet isolated region, that was perfect to birth and develop such a movement from around the time of the First Crusade in 1099. In fact, many literary giants (Avignon, Toulouse, Nimes under the domaine of Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine) retreated in this region. In addition, the leisure class, the wealthy, and the self-sufficient society discovered a new craze in this area. The areas courts attracted intellectuals from all over, as the South was more liberal and pluralistic, with Arabs, Jews and Byzantines being among the residents of the area. Perhaps, even the men outnumbered the women in South France. Eleanor of Aquitaine brought the ideals of courtly love from Aquitaine to the court of France then to England where she was a queen to two kings. Her daughter Marie, who was the Countess of Champagne, introduced courtly love to the Count of

What Does Corporate Responsibility Mean - 1518 Words

What Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean? Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups. Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the company, but instead promote positive social and environmental change. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corp-social-responsibility.asp#ixzz1czJWBme6 Companies have a lot of power in the community and in the national economy.†¦show more content†¦The term corporate social responsibility came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s after many multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organization s activities have an impact. It was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders as a result of an influential book by R. Edward Freeman, Strategic management: a stakeholder approach in 1984.[2] Proponents argue that corporations make more long term profits by operating with a perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from the economic role of businesses. Others argue CSR is merely window-dressing, or an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations. CSR is titled to aid an organization s mission as well as a guide to what the company stands for and will uphold to its consumers. Development business ethics is one of the forms of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR. Public sector organizations (the United Nations for example) adhere to the triple bottom line (TBL). It is widely accepted that CSR adheres to similar principles but with no formal act of legislation. The UN has developed the Principles for Responsible Investment as guidelines for investing entities. corporate social responsibility Definition A company’s sense of responsibility towardsShow MoreRelatedPersonal Motives For Corporate Social Responsibility933 Words   |  4 Pagesfor Corporate Social Responsibility (Graafland, J. Mazereeuw-Van der Duijn Schouten, C. 2012) analyze the motivations of directors to take responsibility for the labor, environmental and social aspects in business. It distinguishes the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by conducting a survey consisting of a sample of 473 executives. What is more, the motives are classified as three types: â€Å"financial motives†, which is external, â€Å"ethical and altruistic† which are internal. the corporate socialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Business Communication And Technology835 Words   |  4 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility Business Communication and Technology Due Date: 29th August Teacher: RYANCL Form: 11O â€Æ' Table of Contents Corporate Social Responsibility 2 Introduction 2 Legal Requirements 2 Drawbacks/Disadvantages 2 Industry Example – Carnival Australia 3 Conclusion 4 Recommendations 4 Reference List 5 Appendix 1 6 Appendix 2 7 â€Æ' Corporate Social Responsibility Introduction What is Corporate Social Responsibility? The responsibilities a business has to the environment, societyRead MoreCorporate and Social Responsibility997 Words   |  4 PagesOF ARTICLES D. Birch (2002). Social, Economic and Environmental Capital. Corporate Citizenship in a New Economy. Deakin University, Melbourne J.M. 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It is now socially accepted that corporations have some ongoing responsibility, though sometimes ignored, to set a good example, make decisions based on social good and on ensuring positive environmental practices. The two articles reviewed both focus on this corporate responsibility but they have very different approaches and drawRead MoreCorporations Are Moral Agents and Have Obligations Which Go Beyond Obeying the Law.Doc1479 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 4. It is overwhelming how corporations have embedded a social responsibility in their mission statements and company objectives. This leaves us with one assertion that is that corporations do have some level of obligation towards society’s morality; however, the corporation itself is not a moral agent (Klaus M. Leisinger). The discussion that follows is about corporations being moral agents or otherwise; however I will reach a conclusion that corporations do have an obligation that extendsRead MoreAre Profits The Only Business Of Business?1523 Words   |  7 PagesAre profits the only Business of Business? What is the corporation’s social responsibility? Many might say the main idea is that a corporation must go further than carrying out their basic function of purely making profits. A corporation must create wealth in ways that avoid under minding society, and instead enrich the society it operates in. The term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† has been deï ¬ ned in numerous ways; from the constricted economic perception of increasing stockholder wealth (FriedmanRead MoreTransparency Is Key Aspect of Corporate Governance1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their companies so there has to be transparency in company reporting. Transparency is key aspect of corporate governance because of implementing corporate governance this will allow stakeholders and shareholders to review and evaluate performance of management and the company this ensures that the board of directors and the executive directors of corporations a ct in the best interest of shareholders and the corporations. It is implementedRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Social Responsibility1167 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARITIVE BUSINESS ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Essay on Ethics and corporate Social Responsibilities SUBMITTED BY: Karuna Shrestha SID# TIA2346 SUBMITTED TO: Understanding Ethics and CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities) Corporate social responsibility is no more characterized by the amount of cash an organization adds to charities, yet by its general inclusion in exercises that enhance the nature of individuals lives. Corporate Responsibility has come up as a huge topic in the worldwide

Occupational Health Management Program Proposal

Question: Describe about the Occupational Health Management Program Proposal. Answer: Introduction: In the present era if rapid industrial progress workplace safety has been identified as one of the major concerned of the employers as presence of occupational health hazard within a particular organization are considered as a legal offence (Osha.europa.eu, 2016). Hence in Australian scenario a number of policies and occupational safety programs are regularly implemented. With reference to the statistical data produced for the year 2015 a death of 191 workers has been reported of which greater casualty rate is evident in the sectors of agriculture, forestry, fishing, warehousing, transport and construction (Safeworkaustralia.gov.au, 2016). In compliance with the key requirements of the given task a sincere initiative shall be shortly undertaken to identify the major and dominant occupational health hazards that are present in a particular workplace along with underpinning the presently embedded management practices within the concerned organizations as a preventive measure to reduce the occupational health hazard. Apart from this in the subsequent segment of this particular assignment an emphasis shall be given to propose an occupational health program relevant to the identified health risks in the concerned organization. However the proposed occupational health program shall align with the safety of the workers in Australian professional scenario and in parity with the legislative framework of Australian. Hence for this purpose Boral Limited which is one of the recognised Australian companies has been selected. Workplace specifications: Boral Limited has secured a stable position as one of the multinational business firm dealing with building and construction materials and is founded in Australia. This company has its business operations in USA and Asian countries. Boral Limited has its company headquarter located in Sydney (Boral.com.au, 2016). Being one of the largest manufacturer and supplier of construction and building material this company own large plants, manufacturing units. The company being one of the most recognised construction industries of Australia has a working force of 8356 employees inclusive of employees from all the subsidiaries under the regulations of this particular business firm for the year 2015. The workforce of this company is mainly the native Australian working for almost 15-16 hours a day. However the majority of employees of this company are male with a few female employees working onsite. Boral Limited has about 14% of the workforce comprising of women and the average length of servi ce in this organization is about 9.1 years as of the year 2014. In addition to this Boral Limited has also harboured about 4000 contractors as of the data produced in the company annual report 2014 (Ibisworld.com.au, 2016). The core business operations of Boral Limited, Australia is specialise in manufacture and production of asphalt, road line marking, concrete, plasterboard, timber windows, quarry, landfill, transport, roof tiles, brick and cement (Boral.com.au, 2016). The identified occupational health hazard and associated risk: The primary risks that can be identified as occupational health and safety risks for the employees of Boral Limited are mainly associated with injury and accident risks and environmental damage risks. Apart from this the presence of extensive noise pollution, the regular expose to cement dust and other compounds used in manufacturing of the building materials can also be considered as hazardous exposure to the employees of this particular business form. Moreover due to the regular exposure cement dust the employees associated with the cement and asphalt manufacturing operational units of Boral Limited are found to be at a greater risk of developing cardiovascular impairments in the long run. The impact faced as a result of extensive noise pollution within the operational units due to the presence of huge machineries can also be considered to be a causal agent for development of auditory impairments, sleep disorders, high blood pressure, higher level of stress and tinnitus (Beris Penrose, 2014). Furthermore as the employees of Boral Limited as also regularly exposed to cement dust and other manufacturing materials they are more susceptible towards ophthalmologic malfunctioning followed with defects in lung ventilation, asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic rhinitis and laryngitis and pharynx catarrh (Selhub and Rosenberg, 2016). The exposure to cement dust have been considered as exposure to hazardous materials because a prolonged exposure cause the induction of atrophic and hypertrophic alterations in the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa along with development of chronic exfoliative bronchitis (Merenu et al., 2010). Apart from this the regular exposure to asphalt fumes by the workers of this organization cause adverse health effects like headache, skin rash, sensitization, fatigue, reduced appetite, irritation in throat and eye, cough formation with a greater vulnerability towards malignancies mainly skin cancer (Osha.gov, 2016). The regular exposure to gypsum dust by the employees in the gypsum operational unit of Boral Limited can also be identified as exposure to hazardous compounds. Exposure to this compound is the causal factor for skin, eye, mucous membrane and respiratory system irritation. The risk of occurrence of pneumonoconiosis and pulmonary ventilator impairment as a result of exposure to gypsum can also be considered an occupational health risk factor (Chemical Information Review Document for Synthetic and Naturally Mined Gypsum, 2006). Presently implemented workplace health and safety measures: Referring to the annual report 2014 of Boral Limited, Australia it is observed that the presently implemented workplace health and safety framework is inclined with the zero harm approach wherein the emphasis has been given towards promotion of workplace health and safety for the employees of the concerned organization. It is further evident from the annual report data of the company that under the initiatives of Borals Group Strategy with respect to Health, Safety and Environment management or HSE the organization has already included 20 improvement programs. The key objectives of these implemented programs with respect to HSE are to incorporate capable and confident leaders along with providing effective empowerment and engagement of the workforce. Additionally the implementation of fit-for-purpose systems, sustainable solutions and fit-for-purpose plants and equipments are also brought into consideration that reflect the currently undertaken initiatives towards employee health and safety aspects (Boral Limited Annual Report, 2014). The programs that has been presently implemented in the operational units of Boral Limited as a part of employee health and safety issue comprise of HSE Stewardship, Skilled4Action, Human Error Reduction, Manual Handling Intervention, Leveraging LEAN, Consequences Management, Contractor Safety, Learning Management System, Serious Harm Prevention, Incident Management System, Self Insurance, Lifecycle Analysis Environment Product Disclosures, Occupational Health Hygiene and Chemical Management. This particular business firm has also included a training and development program with an approach to nurture the professional skills and also to keep them informed regarding the various aspects of health and safety issues that are relevant to their respective working environment. It is under the initiatives of this organization the information are shared by circulation of online learning module. Although the company has emphasized on improving the workplace health and safety aspects but it i s at present lacking of a proper and effective system inclined to restore workplace health and safety aspects (Boral Limited Annual Report, 2014). The assessment system or techniques implemented by Boral Limited as a past of workplace health and safety issue are by following the approach of recordable injury that has been also considered as a comparatively better indicator that lost time injuries. However apart from the above mentioned approaches that the company has implemented as a part of workplace health and safety aspect the company has not yet incorporated any effective measures to reduce the exposure of the employees towards the hazardous compounds namely cement dust, asphalt fumes, gypsum and other construction raw materials. The company introduced Borals Environmental Policy and has also initiated to emphasize on reducing the environmental risks at their respective operational unit as a part of restoring employee health and safety issues. The key objectives evident in this respect are to comply with the environmental legislative framework of the country along with reduction of greenhouse gas emission and prevention of noise pollution (Boral Limited Annual Report, 2014). Proposed occupational health program: The key considerations of the proposed occupational health and safety program shall be inclusive of: Identification and analysis of the occupational hazards present (Hse.gov.uk, 2016) Implementation of workplace safety management along with an effective surveillance system (Hse.gov.uk, 2016) Incorporation of surveillance practices with respect to workplace health along with introduction of appropriate management practices (Hse.gov.uk, 2016) An emphasis to lower the exposure of hazardous elements by application of safety measure and preventive technologies (Hse.gov.uk, 2016) An effective approach of assessment and prevention towards issues that may cause danger to the employees (Hse.gov.uk, 2016) Introduction of an effective employee training program as an approach to improve workplace health and safety along with keeping the employee informed regarding the adverse health effects on exposure to hazardous compounds in the workplace (Hse.gov.uk, 2016) Focus on reducing the exposure to hazardous materials: Prolonged exposure to cement dust by the employees has been identified as an exposure to hazardous compound it is essential to distribute proper masks to the employees as an approach to reduce the intensity of inhalation of cement dust. Apart from this introduction of DustTrak which is a direct reading dust monitor fitted to a vertical cyclone elutriator, within the operational units of the company can be applied to monitor the amount of cement dust generated (Occupational dust and silica conditions in some Queensland construction and related industries, 2012). Furthermore installation of local exhausts ventilation system for elimination of airborne contaminants can also be an effective approach in this respect. Improving the ventilation system of the operational units of the firm not only regulate temperature and humidity but also provide a continual dilution of the exposure to hazardous contaminants. Ventilation with multi hood system is also effective in this respect (Enger and Smith, 2010). Apart from this emphasis should also be given to improve the working practice of the employees. It is essential to include extra care while shifting of the dusty materials. However in parallel to the above mentioned measures the use of personal protective equipments (PPE) particular the use of respiratory protective equipments (RPE) should be made mandatory (Who.int, 2016). In order to lower the exposure to asphalt fumes it should be made mandatory for the workers working in that particular operational unit of the firm to wear protective eye devices, non skid boots , respiratory masks and heat resistant garments. The employees should be made into practice hygienic habit while working in such sectors (Reducing Roofers Exposure to Asphalt Fumes, 2003). Furthermore the installation of engineered asphalt pavers controlled machinery and implementation of warm-mix asphalt technology can also be considered as an effective approach of reducing exposure to asphalt fumes (Acott, 2009). The implementation of asphalt pavers with an installed exhaust ventilation system along with a feature of minimum controlled indoor capture efficiency of about 80% can also positively contribute in lowering the intensity of exposure to asphalt fumes (Cdc.gov, 2016). Incorporation of regular health check for the employees: In order to embed a sustainable occupational health management system it is very essential for the concerned business firm to include employee health check up schemes within the organizational framework. Incorporation of monthly medical check up of the concerned employees can be an effective approach to restore positive health outcomes of the workforce. However in this context it is also important to consider that introduction of regular medic al check up for the employees not only shall contribute to positive health outcomes of the working force but also shall positive impact the productivity aspects of the business firm (Osha.gov, 2016). Incorporation of strict surveillance as a part of workplace health and safety aspects: In order to effective implemented the above mentioned initiatives with respect to occupational health management system it is also essential for the concerned organization to incorporate an effective and strict surveillance system within the operational units. The business firm may appoint additional safety officers who shall be given the responsibility of surveillance (Friend and Kohn, 2007). Moreover part from implementation of strict company rules with respect to occupational health safety aspects it is very important to monitor whether the employees are abiding the rules and regulation set in this respect. Strict actions are also recommended if an employee is found not to abide the rule sand regulation of occupational health safety system (Burke, Clarke and Cooper, 2011). An initiative to implement an effective assessment or evaluation system: Similar to other occupational health management program that is frequently applied within an organizational framework this particular proposal also has highlighted the significance of an effective evaluation system in order to understand the efficacy of the implement occupational health program. The implementation of dust sampling techniques can also positively contribute in evaluation of the intensity of cement dust generated. Therefore as a part of assessment the concerned organization can introduce survey based studies to find out how the proposed system is functioning (Acutt and Hattingh, 2003). Also the process of regular documentation of issues that arise related with the occupational health safety aspects can also be helpful as a part of assessment. Records of sick leaves taken the employees along with introduction of regular health check up for the working force can also be a part of an effective assessment system. Monitoring the frequency of employee illness can also be a pa rt of assessment of the proposed occupational health management system (Scott and Browning, 2016). Emphasis on reducing noise pollution: As mentioned in the previous segment noise pollution is one of the major factors that has contributed adversely to the workplace health issues it is important to consider implementation of effective e noise pollution reduction and control system within the operational units of Boral Limited. In this respect it is effective if the concerned business firm initiate noise control program. Implementation of noise control program can be accomplished through incorporation of noise evaluation system, promotion of employee educational program, implementation of effecti8ve engineering strategies to lowering the extent of noise pollution. Additionally effective determination of hazardous zone, distribution of standard hearing protection devices within the employees, incorporation of annual audiometries along with initiatives towards organization of evaluation and revision of noise control systems can be considered to be effective in lowering the adverse health effect of noise pollution on the e mployees (Ravandi, 2009). In addition to the above mentioned approaches the concerned organization may also emphasize for remodelling their operational unit and incorporate sound proof building materials. Distribution of earplugs to the employees along with making them informed regarding the adverse impacts of noise pollution and simple tips of reducing noise pollution can also be an effective step in this respect (Moustafa, 2014). Conclusion: In consideration to the information produced in the previous sections of this assignment it is justified to convey that sincere efforts has been given to analyze the presently embedded workplace health and safety system of Boral Limited of Australia. Furthermore the presented proposal of occupational health management program has been designed aligned with the primary requirements of this company. However it is also logical to mention that the present gaps in the operational activities of the company with respect to workplace health and safety aspects has also been identified that has further helpful in designing the above mentioned proposal. Hence understanding the working environment of the employees engaged in the different operational units of Boral Limited particularly in the cement, asphalt and gypsum manufacturing units it can be inferred that employee health and safety aspects can only be restored if the concerned firm significantly emphasize on strict implementation of workplace aspect programs and along workplace health and safety rules. Therefore on the final note it can be stated that the above presented proposal of occupational health management if properly incorporated and implemented within the organizational framework of Boral Limited can contribute to deliver positive outcomes in this respect. References: Acott, M. (2009).The Asphalt Paving Partnership: How Emission Reduction Initiatives Improved Working Conditions and Provided Sustainability Benefits. National Asphalt Pavement Association. [online] Available at: https://www.asphaltpavement.org/images/stories/acott-napa-making_green_jobs_safe.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Acutt, J. and Hattingh, S. (2003).Occupational health. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta. Beris Penrose, (2014). Occupational Exposure to Cement Dust: Changing Opinions of a Respiratory Hazard.Health and History, 16(1), p.25. Boral Limited Annual Report. (2014). [online] Boral Limited ABN 13 008 421 761. Available at: https://www.boral.com/Images/common/pdfs/annual-reports/Boral-Annual-Report-2014.pdf [Accessed 2Boral.com.au. (2016).Building Construction Materials Boral. [online] Available at: https://www.boral.com.au [Accessed 27 May 2016].7 May 2016]. Boral.com.au. (2016).Building Construction Materials Boral. [online] Available at: https://www.boral.com.au [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Burke, R., Clarke, S. and Cooper, C. (2011).Occupational health and safety. Farnham, England: Gower. Cdc.gov. (2016).CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - Engineering Control Guidelines for Hot Mix Asphalt Pavers (97-105). [online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-105/ [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Chemical Information Review Document for Synthetic and Naturally Mined Gypsum. (2006). [online] Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. Available at: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/pubnomsupport/gypsum1_508.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Enger, E. and Smith, B. (2010).Environmental science. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Friend, M. and Kohn, J. (2007).Fundamentals of occupational safety and health. Lanham, Md.: Government Institutes. Hse.gov.uk. (2016).HSE: Information about health and safety at work. [online] Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Ibisworld.com.au. (2016).Boral Limited - Retail. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/car/default.aspx?entid=8008 [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Merenu, I., Mojiminiyi, F., Njoku, C. and Ibrahim, M. (2010). The effect of chronic cement dust exposure on lung function of cement factory workers in sokoto, nigeria.African Journal of Biomedical Research, 10(2). Moustafa, K. (2014). A Smart Application for Smartphone: A Proposal to Reduce Noise Pollution for People Having Regular Tasks.Frontiers in Public Health, 2. Occupational dust and silica conditions in some Queensland construction and related industries. (2012). Workplace Health and Safety Queensland. [online] Available at: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/83050/dust-silica-construction-industries-report.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Osha.europa.eu. (2016).European Agency for Safety Health at Work - Information, statistics, legislation and risk assessment tools.. [online] Available at: https://osha.europa.eu/en [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Osha.gov. (2016).Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.osha.gov [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Osha.gov. (2016).Safety and Health Topics | Asphalt Fumes. [online] Available at: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asphaltfumes/ [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Ravandi, G. (2009).Occupational Noise Exposure among the workers of Kerman Cement Plant. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/3524384/Occupational_Noise_Exposure_among_the_workers_of_Kerman_Cement_Plant [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Reducing Roofers Exposure to Asphalt Fumes. (2003). Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [online] NIOSHPublications Dissemination. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-107/pdfs/2003-107.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Safeworkaustralia.gov.au. (2016).Worker fatalities - Safe Work Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/statistics/work-related-fatalities/pages/worker-fatalities [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Scott, K. and Browning, R. (2016). Occupational physical activity assessment for chronic disease prevention and management: A review of methods for both occupational health practitioners and researchers.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 13(6), pp.451-463. Selhub, J. and Rosenberg, I. (2016). Excessive folic acid intake and relation to adverse health outcome. Biochimie. Who.int. (2016).WHO | Hazard prevention and control in the work environment: Airborne dust (WHO, 1999). [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/airdust/en/ [Accessed 27 May 2016].

Nafta Essays (3799 words) - International Trade, Trade Blocs

Nafta Introduction Summary In January 1994, the United States, Mexico, and Canada implemented the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The goal of NAFTA is to create better trading conditions through tariff reduction, removal of investment barriers, and improvement of intellectual property protection. NAFTA continues to gradually reduce tariffs on set dates and aims to eliminate all tariffs by the year 2004. Before NAFTA was established, investing in Mexico was a difficult process. Investors needed the Mexican Government's approval and were also required to meet specific investment guidelines. These requirements necessitated investors to export a set level of goods and services, utilize domestic goods and services, and transfer technology to competitors. Under NAFTA, investors no longer need government approval to invest and are treated as domestic investors. NAFTA has also increased intellectual property rights and allowed companies to obtain patents in Mexico and Canada. In the past, companies were hesitant to export research and development intensive goods; with increased intellectual property protection, however, exports of these goods has shown a definite increase. As a result of better trading conditions, exports and imports of most other goods have increased along with the research and development intensive goods. In Mexico, the elimination of investment barriers has allowed investment to expand. Increased trading and investment has then created many jobs, raised the Gross Domestic Product, and lowered consumer prices. The macroeconomic principles defined in Economics 103 relate to NAFTA's impact on aggregate supply and demand, employment, investment, and their effects on national income. The free trade established by MERCOSUR also involves countries within South America. MERCOSUR, the Southern Common Market ( Mercado Common del Sur) was established in 1991 after a series of other free trade treaties failed to meet the standards of the countries involved. It is set up on the basis of free trade zones and eventually to lead to a common market. Before MERCOSUR there was ALALC, the Latin American Free Trade Association. It was formed in 1960 and set up free trade zones through the periodic negotiations between the members of the association. ALALC ended in the 1970's due to these negotiations because they were left to the discretion of the countries involved and unfair practices started to occur. After ALAC, came ALADI, the Latin American Integration Association. Founded in 1980, it established economic preference zones instead of free trade. This encouraged economic growth and increased actions and agreements between countries that previously had no connections. In 1986 Argentina and Brazil signed a Treaty for Integration, Cooperation, and Development which was originally set up to remove tariff barriers and tie together the macroeconomic policies of the two countries. This Treaty is what led to MERCOSUR. MERCOSUR is a process of integration to form a common market on the foundations of open regionalism. In March of 1991 Paraguay and Uruguay joined MERCOSUR and most recently Chile became a part of the market in 1996. The goals set by the agreement are to create free transit of production goods and lifting of non-tariff restrictions on transit goods. It was set up to adopt a common trade policy with nations that are not a part of the market and to set up a fixed common external tariff for all to follow. There are quite a few other goals that was set by MERCOSUR including a clause that states that the countries involved will be able to adjust their laws for the purpose of strengthening the agreement. The main point of MERCOSUR is to set up free trad e among South American countries and to encourage new countries to join (americasnet.com). Another related trade agreement conveying the benefits of international trade is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). A trade agreement that conveys the positive outcomes of international trade is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). It was created in 1947 and like NAFTA promotes international trade through the reduction of tariffs. Today, GATT encompasses over one hundred countries and 90% of the world's trade goods (Sabir 1). There have been eight different versions of GATT, each resulting in a new trade agreement. The most recent is referred to as the Uruguay Round and is one of the largest and most comprehensive trade pacts in history